Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose, Opening, part 6, sentence 12
And as they spake together she said, “I would learn somewhat from ye, an ye would not be wroth, for young ye are and fair, and so courteous and knightly as ye are known to be, the head of all chivalry, and versed in all wisdom of love and war—’tis ever told of true knights how they adventured their lives for their true love, and endured hardships for her favours, and avenged her with valour, and eased her sorrows, and brought joy to her bower; and ye are the fairest knight of your time, and your fame and your honour are everywhere, yet I have sat by ye here twice, and never a word have heard of love!
Who acts: words, lady, ye, tis, fame, your · What happens: speak, say, learn, not be, be, know · To what, where: ye, head, wisdom, lives, hardships, lady · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Opening, part 6. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (words, lady, ye, tis), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | And | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 said | cc |
| 2 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 4 spake | mark |
| 3 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 spake | nsubj |
| 4 | spake | speak | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 said | ccomp |
| 5 | together | together | ADV | _ | 4 spake | advmod |
| 6 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 said | nsubj |
| 7 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 learn | punct |
| 9 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 12 learn | punct |
| 10 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 12 learn | nsubj |
| 11 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 12 learn | aux |
| 12 | learn | learn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 said | ccomp |
| 13 | somewhat | somewhat | ADV | _ | 12 learn | advmod |
| 14 | from | from | ADP | _ | 15 ye | case |
| 15 | ye | ye | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=2 PronType=Prs Style=Arch | 12 learn | obl |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 wroth | punct |
| 17 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 22 wroth | det |
| 18 | ye | ye | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=2 PronType=Prs Style=Arch | 22 wroth | nsubj |
| 19 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 22 wroth | aux |
| 20 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 22 wroth | advmod |
| 21 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 22 wroth | cop |
| 22 | wroth | wroth | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 learn | conj |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 young | punct |
| 24 | for | for | ADP | _ | 25 young | case |
| 25 | young | young | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 learn | conj |
| 26 | ye | ye | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=2 PronType=Prs Style=Arch | 25 young | nsubj |
| 27 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 young | cop |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 fair | cc |
| 29 | fair | fair | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 young | conj |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 courteous | punct |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 courteous | cc |
| 32 | so | so | ADV | _ | 33 courteous | advmod |
| 33 | courteous | courteous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 said | parataxis |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 knightly | cc |
| 35 | knightly | knightly | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 courteous | conj |
| 36 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 39 known | mark |
| 37 | ye | ye | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=2 PronType=Prs Style=Arch | 39 known | nsubj:pass |
| 38 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 39 known | aux:pass |
| 39 | known | know | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 33 courteous | advcl |
| 40 | to | to | PART | _ | 44 head | mark |
| 41 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 44 head | cop |
| 42 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 head | punct |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 head | det |
| 44 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 known | xcomp |
| 45 | of | of | ADP | _ | 47 chivalry | case |
| 46 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 47 chivalry | det |
| 47 | chivalry | chivalry | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 head | nmod |
| 48 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 versed | punct |
| 49 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 50 versed | cc |
| 50 | versed | verse | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 said | conj |
| 51 | in | in | ADP | _ | 53 wisdom | case |
| 52 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 53 wisdom | det |
| 53 | wisdom | wisdom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 versed | obl |
| 54 | of | of | ADP | _ | 55 love | case |
| 55 | love | love | NOUN | Number=Sing | 53 wisdom | nmod |
| 56 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 57 war | cc |
| 57 | war | war | NOUN | Number=Sing | 53 wisdom | conj |
| 58 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 62 told | punct |
| 59 | ’ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 62 told | punct |
| 60 | tis | tis | NOUN | Number=Sing | 62 told | nsubj |
| 61 | ever | ever | ADV | PronType=Ind | 62 told | advmod |
| 62 | told | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 said | conj |
| 63 | of | of | ADP | _ | 65 knights | case |
| 64 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 65 knights | amod |
| 65 | knights | knight | NOUN | Number=Plur | 62 told | obl |
| 66 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 68 adventured | advmod |
| 67 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 68 adventured | nsubj |
| 68 | adventured | adventure | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 62 told | advcl |
| 69 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 70 lives | nmod:poss |
| 70 | lives | life | NOUN | Number=Plur | 68 adventured | obj |
| 71 | for | for | ADP | _ | 74 love | case |
| 72 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 74 love | nmod:poss |
| 73 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 74 love | amod |
| 74 | love | love | NOUN | Number=Sing | 68 adventured | obl |
| 75 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 77 endured | punct |
| 76 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 77 endured | cc |
| 77 | endured | endure | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 62 told | conj |
| 78 | hardships | hardship | NOUN | Number=Plur | 77 endured | obj |
| 79 | for | for | ADP | _ | 81 favours | case |
| 80 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 81 favours | nmod:poss |
| 81 | favours | favour | NOUN | Number=Plur | 77 endured | obl |
| 82 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 84 avenged | punct |
| 83 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 84 avenged | cc |
| 84 | avenged | avenge | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 62 told | conj |
| 85 | her | she | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 84 avenged | obj |
| 86 | with | with | ADP | _ | 87 valour | case |
| 87 | valour | valour | NOUN | Number=Sing | 84 avenged | obl |
| 88 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 90 eased | punct |
| 89 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 90 eased | cc |
| 90 | eased | ease | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 84 avenged | conj |
| 91 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 92 sorrows | nmod:poss |
| 92 | sorrows | sorrow | NOUN | Number=Plur | 90 eased | obj |
| 93 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 95 brought | punct |
| 94 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 95 brought | cc |
| 95 | brought | bring | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 90 eased | conj |
| 96 | joy | joy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 95 brought | obj |
| 97 | to | to | ADP | _ | 99 bower | case |
| 98 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 99 bower | nmod:poss |
| 99 | bower | bower | NOUN | Number=Sing | 95 brought | obl |
| 100 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 106 knight | punct |
| 101 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 106 knight | cc |
| 102 | ye | ye | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=2 PronType=Prs Style=Arch | 106 knight | nsubj |
| 103 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 106 knight | cop |
| 104 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 106 knight | det |
| 105 | fairest | fair | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 106 knight | amod |
| 106 | knight | knight | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 said | parataxis |
| 107 | of | of | ADP | _ | 109 time | case |
| 108 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 109 time | nmod:poss |
| 109 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 106 knight | nmod |
| 110 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 118 everywhere | punct |
| 111 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 118 everywhere | cc |
| 112 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 113 fame | nmod:poss |
| 113 | fame | fame | NOUN | Number=Sing | 118 everywhere | nsubj |
| 114 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 116 honour | cc |
| 115 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 116 honour | nmod:poss |
| 116 | honour | honour | NOUN | Number=Sing | 113 fame | conj |
| 117 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 118 everywhere | cop |
| 118 | everywhere | everywhere | ADV | PronType=Tot | 7 said | advmod |
| 119 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 123 sat | punct |
| 120 | yet | yet | CCONJ | _ | 123 sat | cc |
| 121 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 123 sat | nsubj |
| 122 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 123 sat | aux |
| 123 | sat | sit | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 7 said | conj |
| 124 | by | by | ADP | _ | 125 ye | case |
| 125 | ye | ye | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=2 PronType=Prs Style=Arch | 123 sat | obl |
| 126 | here | here | ADV | PronType=Dem | 123 sat | advmod |
| 127 | twice | twice | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 123 sat | advmod |
| 128 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 134 heard | punct |
| 129 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 134 heard | cc |
| 130 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 132 word | advmod |
| 131 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 132 word | det |
| 132 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 134 heard | nsubj:pass |
| 133 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 134 heard | aux |
| 134 | heard | hear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 said | conj |
| 135 | of | of | ADP | _ | 136 love | case |
| 136 | love | love | NOUN | Number=Sing | 134 heard | obl |
| 137 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 7 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | speak speech: other | present | words = word | together property | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | say speech: express | past | lady | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | learn in a quote | would | lady | ye | somewhat property | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.source»: agent=Agent from ye=Source | |||
| 4 | not is in a quote | would | ye | wroth property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | is in a quote | present | ye | young property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | be in a quote | ye not said here | tree rules | ||||||
| 7 | know in a quote | present · passive | ye | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus | |||||
| 8 | is a in a quote | to-infinitive | the head | of all chivalry | tree rules | ||||
| 9 | verse in a quote | participle | lady not said here | all wisdom of love and war | tree rules | ||||
| 10 | tell speech: assert in a quote | past | tis | ever | of true knights | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||
| 11 | adventure in a quote | past | words = word | words's lives | for words's true love | tree rules | |||
| 12 | endure in a quote | past | tis not said here | hardships | for lady's favours | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme hardship=Circumstance | |||
| 13 | avenge in a quote | past | tis not said here | lady | with valour | tree rules | |||
| 14 | ease in a quote | past | tis not said here | lady's sorrows | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent sorrow=Patient | ||||
| 15 | bring in a quote | past | tis not said here | joy | lady's bower | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent joy=Theme to bower=Destination | |||
| 16 | is a in a quote | present | ye | the fairest knight | time | tree rules | |||
| 17 | is in a quote | present | your fame and your honour | everywhere property | tree rules | ||||
| 18 | sit in a quote | present · perfect | lady | here | by ye; twice property | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by ye=Location | |||
| 19 | hear in a quote | present · perfect · passive | a word | of love | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Stimulus | ||||
| 20 | love in a quote | words = word | nom love «feeling transitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 21 | favour in a quote | lady | nom favour «feeling transitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 22 | sorrow in a quote | lady | nom sorrow «feeling intransitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 23 | honour in a quote | your | nom honour «state transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Project Gutenberg book 66084 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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