Hawaiian Historical Legends, First Foreigners, sentence 72
The art of sailing long distances by the aid of the stars had fallen into disuse.
Who acts: art · What happens: sail, fall · To what, where: long distances, disuse
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, First Foreigners. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (art), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 art | det |
| 2 | art | art | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 fallen | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 4 sailing | mark |
| 4 | sailing | sail | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 2 art | acl |
| 5 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 distances | amod |
| 6 | distances | distance | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 sailing | obj |
| 7 | by | by | ADP | _ | 9 aid | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 aid | det |
| 9 | aid | aid | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 sailing | obl |
| 10 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 stars | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 stars | det |
| 12 | stars | star | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 aid | nmod |
| 13 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 fallen | aux |
| 14 | fallen | fall | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 15 | into | into | ADP | _ | 16 disuse | case |
| 16 | disuse | disuse | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 fallen | obl |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 14 fallen | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | sail | gerund | the art not said here | long distances | by the aid of the stars | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme distance=Trajectory | |||
| 2 | fall | past · perfect | the art | into disuse result | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into disuse=Result |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66357/11/72/