Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Alapa Regiment, sentence 15
This raid received the name “Kalae-ho-hoa”—“pounded on the forehead”—because, as the records say, “The captives were unmercifully beaten on their heads with war clubs.”
Who acts: raid, Kalae, records · What happens: receive, hoa, pound, say, beat · To what, where: name, forehead, captives · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Alapa Regiment. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (raid, Kalae, records), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | This | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 2 raid | det |
| 2 | raid | raid | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 received | nsubj |
| 3 | received | receive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 name | det |
| 5 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 received | obj |
| 6 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 11 hoa | punct |
| 7 | Kalae | Kalae | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 hoa | nsubj |
| 8 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 7 Kalae | punct |
| 9 | ho | ho | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 hoa | compound |
| 10 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 11 hoa | punct |
| 11 | hoa | hoa | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 name | appos |
| 12 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 11 hoa | punct |
| 13 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 15 pounded | punct |
| 14 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 pounded | punct |
| 15 | pounded | pound | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 received | parataxis |
| 16 | on | on | ADP | _ | 18 forehead | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 forehead | det |
| 18 | forehead | forehead | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 pounded | obl |
| 19 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 pounded | punct |
| 20 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 26 say | punct |
| 21 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 26 say | mark |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 say | punct |
| 23 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 26 say | mark |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 records | det |
| 25 | records | record | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 say | nsubj |
| 26 | say | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 received | parataxis |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 beaten | punct |
| 28 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 beaten | punct |
| 29 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 captives | det |
| 30 | captives | captive | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 beaten | nsubj:pass |
| 31 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 33 beaten | aux:pass |
| 32 | unmercifully | unmercifully | ADV | _ | 33 beaten | advmod |
| 33 | beaten | beat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 26 say | parataxis |
| 34 | on | on | ADP | _ | 36 heads | case |
| 35 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 36 heads | nmod:poss |
| 36 | heads | head | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 beaten | obl |
| 37 | with | with | ADP | _ | 39 clubs | case |
| 38 | war | war | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 clubs | compound |
| 39 | clubs | club | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 heads | nmod |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 received | punct |
| 41 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 received | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | receive | past | this raid | the name | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | hoa in a quote | Kalae | tree rules | ||||||
| 3 | pound in a quote | participle | the forehead | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent on forehead=Trajectory | |||||
| 4 | say speech: assert | present | the records | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 5 | beat in a quote | past · passive | the captives | on captives's heads with war clubs; unmercifully property | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: subject=Instrument on head=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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