Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Alapa Regiment, sentence 56
The lava ledges were searched for the hardest pa-hoe-hoe—the fine-grained, compact lava, well fitted for tools with which to hew out and smooth the many new canoes needed.
Who acts: tools, many new canoes · What happens: search, grain, fit, hew out, smooth, need · To what, where: lava ledges, grained compact lava
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Alapa Regiment. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tools, many new canoes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 ledges | det |
| 2 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 ledges | compound |
| 3 | ledges | ledge | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 searched | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 searched | aux:pass |
| 5 | searched | search | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | for | for | ADP | _ | 13 hoe | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 hoe | det |
| 8 | hardest | hard | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 13 hoe | amod |
| 9 | pa | pa | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 hoe | compound |
| 10 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 9 pa | punct |
| 11 | hoe | hoe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 hoe | compound |
| 12 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 13 hoe | punct |
| 13 | hoe | hoe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 searched | obl |
| 14 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 21 lava | punct |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 lava | det |
| 16 | fine | fine | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 grained | compound |
| 17 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 16 fine | punct |
| 18 | grained | grain | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 21 lava | amod |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 lava | punct |
| 20 | compact | compact | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 lava | amod |
| 21 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 searched | parataxis |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 fitted | punct |
| 23 | well | well | ADV | Degree=Pos | 24 fitted | advmod |
| 24 | fitted | fit | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 21 lava | acl |
| 25 | for | for | ADP | _ | 26 tools | case |
| 26 | tools | tool | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 fitted | obl |
| 27 | with | with | ADP | _ | 28 which | case |
| 28 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 30 hew | nsubj |
| 29 | to | to | PART | _ | 30 hew | mark |
| 30 | hew | hew | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 26 tools | acl:relcl |
| 31 | out | out | ADP | _ | 30 hew | compound:prt |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 smooth | cc |
| 33 | smooth | smooth | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 30 hew | conj |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 canoes | det |
| 35 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 canoes | amod |
| 36 | new | new | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 canoes | amod |
| 37 | canoes | canoe | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 needed | nsubj |
| 38 | needed | need | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 33 smooth | ccomp |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 searched | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | search | past · passive | the lava ledges | for the hardest hoe hoe; the grained compact lava parataxis | vn search-35.2 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Location for hoe=Theme | ||||
| 2 | grain | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 3 | fit | participle | the grained compact lava not said here | for tools; well property | vn adjust-26.9 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | hew out | to-infinitive | tools | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 5 | smooth | infinitive | tools not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 6 | need | past | the many new canoes | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66357/14/56/