Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Law of the Splintered Paddle, sentence 109
“The thrown stone struck the trunk of a Noni tree, broke it off and with the tree fell to the bottom of a small ravine, and the spot is shown to this day.”
Who acts: thrown stone · What happens: throw, strike, break off, fall, show · To what, where: trunk, spot
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Law of the Splintered Paddle. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (thrown stone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 struck | punct |
| 2 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 stone | det |
| 3 | thrown | throw | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 stone | amod |
| 4 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 struck | nsubj |
| 5 | struck | strike | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 trunk | det |
| 7 | trunk | trunk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 struck | obj |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 tree | case |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 tree | det |
| 10 | Noni | Noni | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 tree | compound |
| 11 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 trunk | nmod |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 broke | punct |
| 13 | broke | break | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 struck | parataxis |
| 14 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 broke | obj |
| 15 | off | off | ADP | _ | 13 broke | compound:prt |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 fell | cc |
| 17 | with | with | ADP | _ | 19 tree | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 tree | det |
| 19 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 fell | obl |
| 20 | fell | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 broke | conj |
| 21 | to | to | ADP | _ | 23 bottom | case |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 bottom | det |
| 23 | bottom | bottom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 fell | obl |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 27 ravine | case |
| 25 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 27 ravine | det |
| 26 | small | small | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 ravine | amod |
| 27 | ravine | ravine | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 bottom | nmod |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 shown | punct |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 shown | cc |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 spot | det |
| 31 | spot | spot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 shown | nsubj:pass |
| 32 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 33 shown | aux:pass |
| 33 | shown | show | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 struck | conj |
| 34 | to | to | ADP | _ | 36 day | case |
| 35 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 36 day | det |
| 36 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 shown | obl |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 struck | punct |
| 38 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 struck | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | throw in a quote | participle | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | ||||||
| 2 | strike in a quote | past | the thrown stone | the trunk of a Noni tree | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trunk=Patient | ||||
| 3 | break off in a quote | past | trunk | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Patient | |||||
| 4 | fall in a quote | past | with the tree; to the bottom of a small ravine | vn acquiesce-95.1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to bottom=Theme | |||||
| 5 | show in a quote | present · passive | the spot | day | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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