Hawaiian Historical Legends, Maui the Polynesian, sentence 24
These are the ways by which men gain influence—by labouring for abundance of food to feed others, by collecting property to give to others, and by similar means by which you promote the good of others.”
Who acts: These, men, similar, you · What happens: be, gain, labour, feed, collect, give · To what, where: ways, influence, others, property, good · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Maui the Polynesian. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (These, men, similar, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | These | this | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 4 ways | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 ways | cop |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 ways | det |
| 4 | ways | way | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 5 | by | by | ADP | _ | 6 which | case |
| 6 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 gain | obl |
| 7 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 gain | nsubj |
| 8 | gain | gain | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 ways | acl:relcl |
| 9 | influence | influence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 gain | obj |
| 10 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 12 labouring | punct |
| 11 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 12 labouring | mark |
| 12 | labouring | labour | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 8 gain | advcl |
| 13 | for | for | ADP | _ | 14 abundance | case |
| 14 | abundance | abundance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 labouring | obl |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 food | case |
| 16 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 abundance | nmod |
| 17 | to | to | PART | _ | 18 feed | mark |
| 18 | feed | feed | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 12 labouring | advcl |
| 19 | others | other | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 feed | obj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 collecting | punct |
| 21 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 22 collecting | mark |
| 22 | collecting | collect | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 12 labouring | conj |
| 23 | property | property | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 collecting | obj |
| 24 | to | to | PART | _ | 25 give | mark |
| 25 | give | give | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 22 collecting | advcl |
| 26 | to | to | ADP | _ | 27 others | case |
| 27 | others | other | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 give | obl |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 means | punct |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 means | cc |
| 30 | by | by | ADP | _ | 31 similar | case |
| 31 | similar | similar | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 means | nsubj |
| 32 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 ways | parataxis |
| 33 | by | by | ADP | _ | 34 which | case |
| 34 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 36 promote | obl |
| 35 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 36 promote | nsubj |
| 36 | promote | promote | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 means | ccomp |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 good | det |
| 38 | good | good | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 promote | obj |
| 39 | of | of | ADP | _ | 40 others | case |
| 40 | others | other | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 good | obl |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 32 means | punct |
| 42 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 4 ways | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | These | the ways | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | gain | present | men | influence | by the ways | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent influence=Theme | |||
| 3 | labour | gerund | men not said here | for abundance of food | vn work-73.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | feed | to-infinitive | men not said here | others | vn feeding-39.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent other=Recipient | ||||
| 5 | collect | gerund | men not said here | property | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent property=Theme | ||||
| 6 | give | to-infinitive | men not said here | others | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to other=Recipient | ||||
| 7 | mean | present | similar | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 8 | promote | present | you | the good of others | which obl | vn promote-102 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent good=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66357/2/24/