Hawaiian Historical Legends, Maui the Polynesian, sentence 35
Nevertheless, dark clouds many times hang low along the great mountains and descend in heavy rains, but they dare not stay, lest Maui, the strong, come and hurl them so far away that they cannot come back again.
Who acts: dark clouds, clouds · What happens: hang, descend, stay, come, hurl, not come back · To what, where: great mountains, heavy rains, clouds
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Maui the Polynesian. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dark clouds, clouds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nevertheless | nevertheless | ADV | _ | 7 hang | advmod |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Nevertheless | punct |
| 3 | dark | dark | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 clouds | amod |
| 4 | clouds | cloud | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 hang | nsubj |
| 5 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 times | amod |
| 6 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 clouds | conj |
| 7 | hang | hang | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | low | low | ADV | Degree=Pos | 7 hang | advmod |
| 9 | along | along | ADP | _ | 12 mountains | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 mountains | det |
| 11 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 mountains | amod |
| 12 | mountains | mountain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 hang | obl |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 descend | cc |
| 14 | descend | descend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 hang | conj |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 17 rains | case |
| 16 | heavy | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 rains | amod |
| 17 | rains | rain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 descend | obl |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 stay | punct |
| 19 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 23 stay | cc |
| 20 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 stay | nsubj |
| 21 | dare | dare | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 stay | aux |
| 22 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 21 dare | advmod |
| 23 | stay | stay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 hang | conj |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 Maui | punct |
| 25 | lest | lest | SCONJ | _ | 26 Maui | case |
| 26 | Maui | Maui | PROPN | Number=Sing | 23 stay | parataxis |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 strong | punct |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 strong | det |
| 29 | strong | strong | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 Maui | list |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 come | punct |
| 31 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 23 stay | conj |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 hurl | cc |
| 33 | hurl | hurl | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 31 come | conj |
| 34 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 hurl | obj |
| 35 | so | so | ADV | _ | 36 far | advmod |
| 36 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 37 away | advmod |
| 37 | away | away | ADV | _ | 33 hurl | advmod |
| 38 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 42 come | mark |
| 39 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 42 come | nsubj |
| 40 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 42 come | aux |
| 41 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 42 come | advmod |
| 42 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 33 hurl | advcl |
| 43 | back | back | ADV | _ | 42 come | advmod |
| 44 | again | again | ADV | _ | 42 come | advmod |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 hang | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hang | present | dark clouds and many times | the great mountains | low, nevertheless property | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent along mountain=Location | |||
| 2 | descend | present | dark clouds and many times not said here | heavy rains | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 3 | stay | present | clouds = cloud | Maui parataxis | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | come | infinitive | clouds = cloud not said here | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | hurl | infinitive | clouds = cloud not said here | clouds = cloud | away property | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | |||
| 6 | not come back | can | clouds = cloud | again | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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