Hawaiian Historical Legends, Legendary Home of the Polynesians, sentence 5
Students find a slight difficulty in the different spellings which different voyagers have given to the native words according to the way in which they heard the sounds—for instance, “Hawaii” was “Owyhee” in the days of Captain Cook.
Who acts: Students, voyagers, sounds · What happens: find, give, accord, hear, be · To what, where: slight difficulty, different spellings, different voyagers, way, Owyhee · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Legendary Home of the Polynesians. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Students, voyagers, sounds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Students | student | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 find | nsubj |
| 2 | find | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 difficulty | det |
| 4 | slight | slight | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 difficulty | amod |
| 5 | difficulty | difficulty | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 find | obj |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 9 spellings | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 spellings | det |
| 8 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 spellings | amod |
| 9 | spellings | spelling | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 difficulty | nmod |
| 10 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 14 given | obj |
| 11 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 voyagers | amod |
| 12 | voyagers | voyager | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 given | nsubj:pass |
| 13 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 given | aux |
| 14 | given | give | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 spellings | acl:relcl |
| 15 | to | to | ADP | _ | 18 words | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 words | det |
| 17 | native | native | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 words | amod |
| 18 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 given | obl |
| 19 | according | accord | VERB | ExtPos=ADP Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 22 way | case |
| 20 | to | to | ADP | _ | 19 according | fixed |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 way | det |
| 22 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 words | nmod |
| 23 | in | in | ADP | _ | 24 which | case |
| 24 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 26 heard | obl |
| 25 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 heard | nsubj |
| 26 | heard | hear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 22 way | acl:relcl |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 sounds | det |
| 28 | sounds | sound | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 Owyhee | nsubj |
| 29 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 31 instance | punct |
| 30 | for | for | ADP | _ | 31 instance | case |
| 31 | instance | instance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 Owyhee | nsubj |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 Hawaii | punct |
| 33 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 34 Hawaii | punct |
| 34 | Hawaii | Hawaii | PROPN | Number=Sing | 31 instance | appos |
| 35 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 34 Hawaii | punct |
| 36 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 38 Owyhee | cop |
| 37 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 38 Owyhee | punct |
| 38 | Owyhee | Owyhee | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 heard | ccomp |
| 39 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 38 Owyhee | punct |
| 40 | in | in | ADP | _ | 42 days | case |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 days | det |
| 42 | days | day | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 heard | obl |
| 43 | of | of | ADP | _ | 45 Cook | case |
| 44 | Captain | Captain | PROPN | Number=Sing | 45 Cook | compound |
| 45 | Cook | Cook | PROPN | Number=Sing | 42 days | nmod |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 find | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | find | present | Students | a slight difficulty | the different spellings | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent difficulty=Topic | |||
| 2 | give | present · perfect · passive | different voyagers | to the native words accord the way; the different spellings obj | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient which=Theme | ||||
| 3 | accord | gerund | vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | hear | past | voyagers = voyager | the way | day | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer | |||
| 5 | is a in a quote | past | the sounds | Owyhee | instance nsubj | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66357/6/5/