Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Pele and Kaha-wali, sentence 43
He thus describes the hill: “It was a black frowning crater about one hundred feet high, with a deep gap in the rim on the eastern side from which the course of a current of lava could be distinctly traced.”
Who acts: Ellis, hill · What happens: describe, frown, be, trace · To what, where: hill, black frowning crater, course, eastern side
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele and Kaha-wali. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ellis, hill), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 describes | nsubj |
| 2 | thus | thus | ADV | _ | 3 describes | advmod |
| 3 | describes | describe | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 hill | det |
| 5 | hill | hill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 describes | obj |
| 6 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 13 crater | punct |
| 7 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 13 crater | punct |
| 8 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 crater | nsubj |
| 9 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 crater | cop |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 crater | det |
| 11 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 crater | amod |
| 12 | frowning | frown | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 13 crater | amod |
| 13 | crater | crater | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 describes | obj |
| 14 | about | about | ADP | _ | 15 one | case |
| 15 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 16 hundred | compound |
| 16 | hundred | hundred | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 17 feet | nummod |
| 17 | feet | foot | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 high | obl:unmarked |
| 18 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 crater | amod |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 gap | punct |
| 20 | with | with | ADP | _ | 23 gap | case |
| 21 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 23 gap | det |
| 22 | deep | deep | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 gap | amod |
| 23 | gap | gap | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 crater | appos |
| 24 | in | in | ADP | _ | 26 rim | case |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 rim | det |
| 26 | rim | rim | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 gap | nmod |
| 27 | on | on | ADP | _ | 30 side | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 side | det |
| 29 | eastern | eastern | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 side | amod |
| 30 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 gap | nmod |
| 31 | from | from | ADP | _ | 32 which | case |
| 32 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 43 traced | obl |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 course | det |
| 34 | course | course | NOUN | Number=Sing | 43 traced | nsubj:pass |
| 35 | of | of | ADP | _ | 37 current | case |
| 36 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 37 current | det |
| 37 | current | current | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 course | nmod |
| 38 | of | of | ADP | _ | 39 lava | case |
| 39 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 current | nmod |
| 40 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 43 traced | aux |
| 41 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 43 traced | aux:pass |
| 42 | distinctly | distinctly | ADV | _ | 43 traced | advmod |
| 43 | traced | trace | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 30 side | acl:relcl |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 23 gap | punct |
| 45 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 13 crater | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | describe | present | Ellis | the hill | thus property | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent hill=Theme | |||
| 2 | frown in a quote | gerund | vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 3 | is a in a quote | past | hill | a black frowning crater | a deep gap in the rim on the eastern side appos | tree rules | |||
| 4 | trace in a quote | could · passive | the course of a current of lava | the eastern side | distinctly property | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/10/43/