Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hiiaka’s Battle With Demons, sentence 41
Fallen are the red flowers of the lehua, [16] Spoiled are the red apples of the ohia,[16] Bald is the head of Pana-ewa; Smoke is over the land; The fire is burning.”
Who acts: Smoke, red flowers, 16, fire · What happens: fall, spoil, be, burn · To what, where: red flowers, red apples, head, land
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka’s Battle With Demons. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Smoke, red flowers, 16, fire), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fallen | fall | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 38 land | advcl |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 1 Fallen | aux:pass |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 flowers | det |
| 4 | red | red | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 flowers | amod |
| 5 | flowers | flower | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 apples | nsubj |
| 6 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 lehua | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 lehua | det |
| 8 | lehua | lehua | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 flowers | nmod |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 16 | punct |
| 10 | [ | [ | PUNCT | _ | 11 16 | punct |
| 11 | 16 | 16 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 8 lehua | appos |
| 12 | ] | ] | PUNCT | _ | 11 16 | punct |
| 13 | Spoiled | spoil | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 flowers | acl |
| 14 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 apples | cop |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 apples | det |
| 16 | red | red | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 apples | amod |
| 17 | apples | apple | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Fallen | parataxis |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 ohia | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 ohia | det |
| 20 | ohia | ohia | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 apples | nmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 head | punct |
| 22 | [ | [ | PUNCT | _ | 23 16 | punct |
| 23 | 16 | 16 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 28 head | nsubj |
| 24 | ] | ] | PUNCT | _ | 23 16 | punct |
| 25 | Bald | Bald | PROPN | Number=Sing | 23 16 | nmod:unmarked |
| 26 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 28 head | cop |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 head | det |
| 28 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 apples | conj |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 32 ewa | case |
| 30 | Pana | Pana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 32 ewa | compound |
| 31 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 30 Pana | punct |
| 32 | ewa | ewa | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 head | nmod |
| 33 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 38 land | punct |
| 34 | Smoke | smoke | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 land | nsubj |
| 35 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 38 land | cop |
| 36 | over | over | ADP | _ | 38 land | case |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 land | det |
| 38 | land | land | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 39 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 43 burning | punct |
| 40 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 fire | det |
| 41 | fire | fire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 43 burning | nsubj |
| 42 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 43 burning | aux |
| 43 | burning | burn | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 38 land | parataxis |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 43 burning | punct |
| 45 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 43 burning | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | fall | present · passive | Smoke not said here | vn occur-48.3 «NP V» | |||||
| 2 | spoil | participle | the red flowers of the lehua not said here | vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 3 | is a | present | the red flowers of the lehua | the red apples and the head | of the ohia | tree rules | |||
| 4 | is a | present | 16 Bald | the head | of Pana ewa | tree rules | |||
| 5 | is | present | Smoke | the land | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | burn | present · progressive | the fire | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/16/41/