Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hiiaka Catching a Ghost, sentence 96
Among the ancient Hawaiians it was believed that the eyes of prophets could tell the very family to which a high chief belonged by the color or peculiar appearance of the light around the individual even when a long distance away.
Who acts: eyes · What happens: believe, tell, belong · To what, where: ancient Hawaiians, family, high chief · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka Catching a Ghost. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (eyes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Among | among | ADP | _ | 4 Hawaiians | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 Hawaiians | det |
| 3 | ancient | ancient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 Hawaiians | amod |
| 4 | Hawaiians | Hawaiian | PROPN | Number=Plur | 7 believed | nsubj:pass |
| 5 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 believed | nsubj:pass |
| 6 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 believed | aux:pass |
| 7 | believed | believe | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 8 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 14 tell | mark |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 eyes | det |
| 10 | eyes | eye | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 tell | nsubj |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 prophets | case |
| 12 | prophets | prophet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 eyes | nmod |
| 13 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 14 tell | aux |
| 14 | tell | tell | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 believed | advcl |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 family | det |
| 16 | very | very | ADV | _ | 17 family | advmod |
| 17 | family | family | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 tell | obj |
| 18 | to | to | ADP | _ | 19 which | case |
| 19 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 17 family | nmod |
| 20 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 22 chief | det |
| 21 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 chief | amod |
| 22 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 which | nsubj |
| 23 | belonged | belong | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 22 chief | acl |
| 24 | by | by | ADP | _ | 26 color | case |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 color | det |
| 26 | color | color | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 belonged | obl |
| 27 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 29 appearance | cc |
| 28 | peculiar | peculiar | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 appearance | compound |
| 29 | appearance | appearance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 color | conj |
| 30 | of | of | ADP | _ | 32 light | case |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 light | det |
| 32 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 appearance | nmod |
| 33 | around | around | ADP | _ | 35 individual | case |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 individual | det |
| 35 | individual | individual | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 color | nmod |
| 36 | even | even | ADV | _ | 41 away | advmod |
| 37 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 41 away | mark |
| 38 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 40 distance | det |
| 39 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 distance | amod |
| 40 | distance | distance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 away | obl:unmarked |
| 41 | away | away | ADV | _ | 23 belonged | advmod |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 believed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | believe | past · passive | the ancient Hawaiians | chief nsubj:pass | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus | ||||
| 2 | tell speech: assert | could | the eyes of prophets | the family | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent family=Topic to which=Recipient | ||||
| 3 | belong | participle | a high chief not said here | by the color around the individual or peculiar appearance of the light; away property | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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