Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Pili and Noho, sentence 140
The natives have for many years claimed that Hiiaka found the time too short to climb the precipice, catch the ghost of Lohiau and carry it and the body down to the house prepared for her work, therefore she uttered this incantation:
Who acts: natives, Hiiaka, body · What happens: have, claim, find, climb, catch, carry · To what, where: precipice, ghost, incantation, Lohiau · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pili and Noho. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (natives, Hiiaka, body), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 natives | det |
| 2 | natives | native | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 have | nsubj |
| 3 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | for | for | ADP | _ | 6 years | case |
| 5 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 years | amod |
| 6 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 claimed | obl |
| 7 | claimed | claim | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 have | ccomp |
| 8 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 10 found | mark |
| 9 | Hiiaka | Hiiaka | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 found | nsubj |
| 10 | found | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 claimed | ccomp |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 time | det |
| 12 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 found | obj |
| 13 | too | too | ADV | _ | 14 short | advmod |
| 14 | short | short | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 time | amod |
| 15 | to | to | PART | _ | 16 climb | mark |
| 16 | climb | climb | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 14 short | advcl |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 precipice | det |
| 18 | precipice | precipice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 climb | obj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 catch | punct |
| 20 | catch | catch | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 16 climb | conj |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 ghost | det |
| 22 | ghost | ghost | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 catch | obj |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 24 Lohiau | case |
| 24 | Lohiau | Lohiau | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 ghost | nmod |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 carry | cc |
| 26 | carry | carry | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 20 catch | conj |
| 27 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 carry | obj |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 prepared | cc |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 body | det |
| 30 | body | body | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 prepared | nsubj |
| 31 | down | down | ADV | _ | 35 prepared | advmod |
| 32 | to | to | ADP | _ | 34 house | case |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 house | det |
| 34 | house | house | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 prepared | obl |
| 35 | prepared | prepare | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 found | conj |
| 36 | for | for | ADP | _ | 38 work | case |
| 37 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 38 work | nmod:poss |
| 38 | work | work | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 prepared | obl |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 42 uttered | punct |
| 40 | therefore | therefore | ADV | _ | 42 uttered | advmod |
| 41 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 42 uttered | nsubj |
| 42 | uttered | utter | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 claimed | conj |
| 43 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 44 incantation | det |
| 44 | incantation | incantation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 uttered | obj |
| 45 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 3 have | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | the natives | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | claim speech: other | past | the natives not said here | year | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 3 | find | past | Hiiaka | time | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | climb | to-infinitive | Hiiaka not said here | the precipice | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location precipice=Theme | ||||
| 5 | catch | infinitive | Hiiaka not said here | the ghost of Lohiau | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ghost=Theme | ||||
| 6 | carry | infinitive | Hiiaka not said here | ghost | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme | ||||
| 7 | prepare | past | the body | to the house; for Hiiaka's work; down property | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for work=Beneficiary | ||||
| 8 | utter speech: other | past | Hiiaka | this incantation | therefore property | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent incantation=Topic | |||
| 9 | ghost | Lohiau | nom ghost «cognition transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 10 | work | Hiiaka | nom work «act intransitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/20/140/