Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Pili and Noho, sentence 80
As Hiiaka and her friend came near the island Kauai, Hiiaka told Wahine-omao that Lohiau was dead and that she saw the spirit standing by the opening of a cave out on the pali of Haena.
Who acts: Hiiaka, Wahine omao, Lohiau, spirit · What happens: come, tell, be, see, stand out · To what, where: island, Wahine omao, spirit, pali · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pili and Noho. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hiiaka, Wahine omao, Lohiau, spirit), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | As | as | SCONJ | _ | 6 came | mark |
| 2 | Hiiaka | Hiiaka | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 came | nsubj |
| 3 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 5 friend | cc |
| 4 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 5 friend | nmod:poss |
| 5 | friend | friend | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 Hiiaka | conj |
| 6 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 told | advcl |
| 7 | near | near | ADP | _ | 9 island | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 island | det |
| 9 | island | island | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 came | obl |
| 10 | Kauai | Kauai | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 island | appos |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 came | punct |
| 12 | Hiiaka | Hiiaka | PROPN | Number=Sing | 13 told | nsubj |
| 13 | told | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 14 | Wahine | Wahine | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 omao | compound |
| 15 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 14 Wahine | punct |
| 16 | omao | omao | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 told | obj |
| 17 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 20 dead | nsubj |
| 18 | Lohiau | Lohiau | PROPN | Number=Sing | 20 dead | nsubj |
| 19 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 dead | cop |
| 20 | dead | dead | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 omao | acl:relcl |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 saw | cc |
| 22 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 24 saw | mark |
| 23 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 saw | nsubj |
| 24 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 told | conj |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 spirit | det |
| 26 | spirit | spirit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 saw | obj |
| 27 | standing | stand | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 26 spirit | acl |
| 28 | by | by | ADP | _ | 30 opening | case |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 opening | det |
| 30 | opening | opening | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 standing | obl |
| 31 | of | of | ADP | _ | 33 cave | case |
| 32 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 33 cave | det |
| 33 | cave | cave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 opening | nmod |
| 34 | out | out | ADP | _ | 27 standing | compound:prt |
| 35 | on | on | ADP | _ | 37 pali | case |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 pali | det |
| 37 | pali | pali | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 standing | obl |
| 38 | of | of | ADP | _ | 39 Haena | case |
| 39 | Haena | Haena | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 pali | nmod |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 told | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | Hiiaka and Hiiaka's friend | the island | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near island=Location | ||||
| 2 | tell speech: assert | past | Hiiaka | Wahine omao | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent omao=Recipient | ||||
| 3 | is | past | Wahine omao | Lohiau nsubj; dead property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | see | past | Lohiau | the spirit | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer spirit=Stimulus | ||||
| 5 | stand out | gerund | the spirit not said here | the pali of Haena | by the opening of a cave | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by opening=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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