Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Kapiolani and Pele, sentence 14
However, when the missionaries had reduced the language to writing and had begun to print leaflets for spelling and reading, in 1822, Na-ihe and Kapiolani were among the first chiefs to welcome instruction and accept Christianity as far as they could understand it.
Who acts: Na ihe, missionaries · What happens: reduce, begin, print, be, welcome, accept · To what, where: missionaries, leaflets, instruction, Christianity, ihe
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Kapiolani and Pele. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Na ihe, missionaries), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | However | however | ADV | _ | 7 reduced | advmod |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 However | punct |
| 3 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 7 reduced | mark |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 missionaries | det |
| 5 | missionaries | missionary | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 reduced | nsubj:pass |
| 6 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 reduced | aux |
| 7 | reduced | reduce | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 language | det |
| 9 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 reduced | obj |
| 10 | to | to | ADP | _ | 11 writing | case |
| 11 | writing | writing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 language | nmod |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 begun | cc |
| 13 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 begun | aux |
| 14 | begun | begin | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 7 reduced | conj |
| 15 | to | to | PART | _ | 16 print | mark |
| 16 | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 14 begun | xcomp | ||
| 17 | leaflets | leaflet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 print | obj |
| 18 | for | for | ADP | _ | 19 spelling | case |
| 19 | spelling | spelling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 print | obl |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 reading | cc |
| 21 | reading | reading | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 spelling | conj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 1822 | punct |
| 23 | in | in | ADP | _ | 24 1822 | case |
| 24 | 1822 | 1822 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 35 chiefs | nummod |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 ihe | punct |
| 26 | Na | Na | PROPN | Number=Sing | 28 ihe | compound |
| 27 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 28 ihe | punct |
| 28 | ihe | ihe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 chiefs | nsubj |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 Kapiolani | cc |
| 30 | Kapiolani | Kapiolani | PROPN | Number=Sing | 28 ihe | conj |
| 31 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 chiefs | cop |
| 32 | among | among | ADP | _ | 35 chiefs | case |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 chiefs | det |
| 34 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 35 chiefs | amod |
| 35 | chiefs | chief | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 print | obj |
| 36 | to | to | PART | _ | 37 welcome | mark |
| 37 | welcome | welcome | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 16 print | advcl |
| 38 | instruction | instruction | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 welcome | obj |
| 39 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 accept | cc |
| 40 | accept | accept | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 37 welcome | conj |
| 41 | Christianity | Christianity | PROPN | Number=Sing | 40 accept | obj |
| 42 | as | as | ADV | _ | 43 far | advmod |
| 43 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 40 accept | advmod |
| 44 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 47 understand | mark |
| 45 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 47 understand | nsubj |
| 46 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 47 understand | aux |
| 47 | understand | understand | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 43 far | advcl |
| 48 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 47 understand | obj |
| 49 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 reduced | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | reduce | past · perfect · passive | the missionaries | the language obj; however property | vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2 «NP V NP.patient NP.extent PP.initial_state PP.result»: subject=Patient language=Extent to writing=Result | ||||
| 2 | begin | past · perfect | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | ||||||
| 3 | to-infinitive | leaflets | for spelling and reading | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leaflet=Theme | |||||
| 4 | is | past | Na ihe and Kapiolani | among the 1822 first chiefs | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | welcome | to-infinitive | instruction | vn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent instruction=Theme | |||||
| 6 | accept | present | Christianity | far property | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent christianity=Theme | ||||
| 7 | understand | could | missionaries = missionary | ihe | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/23/14/