Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hawaiian Volcanoes, sentence 41
They are called rivers of lava, but a lava river, unlike a stream of water, flows underneath a continually cooling and hardening crumpled surface, pushing its way from under and at last leaving long tunnels.
Who acts: lava river · What happens: call, flow, crumple, push, leave · To what, where: feet, cooling, way, last leaving long tunnels · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hawaiian Volcanoes. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lava river), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 called | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 called | aux:pass |
| 3 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | rivers | river | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 called | xcomp |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 lava | case |
| 6 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 rivers | nmod |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 flows | punct |
| 8 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 19 flows | cc |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 river | det |
| 10 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 river | compound |
| 11 | river | river | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 flows | nsubj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 stream | punct |
| 13 | unlike | unlike | ADP | _ | 15 stream | case |
| 14 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 stream | det |
| 15 | stream | stream | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 river | conj |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 water | case |
| 17 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 stream | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 river | punct |
| 19 | flows | flow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 called | conj |
| 20 | underneath | underneath | ADP | _ | 23 cooling | case |
| 21 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 23 cooling | det |
| 22 | continually | continually | ADV | _ | 23 cooling | advmod |
| 23 | cooling | cooling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 flows | obl |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 hardening | cc |
| 25 | hardening | hardening | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 cooling | conj |
| 26 | crumpled | crumple | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 27 surface | amod |
| 27 | surface | surface | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 cooling | nmod |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 pushing | punct |
| 29 | pushing | push | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 19 flows | advcl |
| 30 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 31 way | nmod:poss |
| 31 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 pushing | obj |
| 32 | from | from | ADP | _ | 39 tunnels | case |
| 33 | under | under | ADP | _ | 39 tunnels | case |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 39 tunnels | cc |
| 35 | at | at | ADP | _ | 36 last | case |
| 36 | last | last | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 tunnels | amod |
| 37 | leaving | leave | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 39 tunnels | amod |
| 38 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 tunnels | amod |
| 39 | tunnels | tunnel | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 pushing | obl |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 called | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | call | present · passive | feet = foot | rivers of lava xcomp | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | ||||
| 2 | flow | present | a lava river and a stream of water | a cooling crumpled surface and hardening | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme underneath cooling=Location | ||||
| 3 | crumple | participle | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||||
| 4 | push | gerund | a lava river and a stream of water not said here | lava's way | last leaving long tunnels | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent way=Theme from tunnel=Trajectory | |||
| 5 | leave | gerund | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/26/41/