Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Volcanic Activity, sentence 138
One of the older and more intelligent fishermen says that from his boyhood he has known a pushing up and down, backward and forward, of the waters every time that Mauna Loa has shown activity in either of its great craters.
Who acts: One, Mauna · What happens: say, know, push up, show · To what, where: that, statement, boyhood, activity · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Volcanic Activity. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (One, Mauna), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | One | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 9 says | nsubj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 fishermen | case |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 fishermen | det |
| 4 | older | old | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 8 fishermen | amod |
| 5 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 intelligent | cc |
| 6 | more | more | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 7 intelligent | advmod |
| 7 | intelligent | intelligent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 older | conj |
| 8 | fishermen | fisherman | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 One | nmod |
| 9 | says | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | that | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 9 says | obj |
| 11 | from | from | ADP | _ | 13 boyhood | case |
| 12 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 boyhood | nmod:poss |
| 13 | boyhood | boyhood | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 known | obl |
| 14 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 known | nsubj:pass |
| 15 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 known | aux |
| 16 | known | know | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 says | ccomp |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 known | obj |
| 18 | pushing | push | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 17 a | acl |
| 19 | up | up | ADV | _ | 18 pushing | advmod |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 down | cc |
| 21 | down | down | ADV | _ | 19 up | conj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 backward | punct |
| 23 | backward | backward | ADV | _ | 18 pushing | advmod |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 forward | cc |
| 25 | forward | forward | ADV | _ | 23 backward | conj |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 waters | punct |
| 27 | of | of | ADP | _ | 29 waters | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 waters | det |
| 29 | waters | water | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 pushing | obl |
| 30 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 31 time | det |
| 31 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 waters | appos |
| 32 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 36 shown | mark |
| 33 | Mauna | Mauna | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 shown | nsubj |
| 34 | Loa | Loa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 Mauna | flat |
| 35 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 36 shown | aux |
| 36 | shown | show | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 31 time | acl:relcl |
| 37 | activity | activity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 shown | obj |
| 38 | in | in | ADP | _ | 39 either | case |
| 39 | either | either | DET | PronType=Ind | 36 shown | obl |
| 40 | of | of | ADP | _ | 43 craters | case |
| 41 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 43 craters | nmod:poss |
| 42 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 craters | amod |
| 43 | craters | crater | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 either | nmod |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 says | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | present | One of the older fishermen | that | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | know | present · perfect · passive | statement | statement's boyhood | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | push up | gerund | of the waters; backward property | vn split-23.2 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient of water=Co-Patient | |||||
| 4 | show | present · perfect | Mauna | activity | in either of Activity's great craters | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent activity=Patient in either=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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