Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Volcanic Activity, sentence 42
Mr. Lyman writes: “In the midst of the great earthquake we saw burst out from the top of the pali about a mile and a half north of us, what we supposed to be an immense river of molten lava (which afterward proved to be red earth), which rushed down in headlong course and across the plain below, apparently bursting from the ground and swallowing up everything in its way—trees, houses, cattle, horses, men, in an instant as it were.
Who acts: Lyman, we, molten lava, red earth · What happens: write, burst out, suppose, be, prove, rush down · To what, where: we, top, midst, immense river, red earth, headlong course · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Volcanic Activity. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Lyman, we, molten lava, red earth), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mr. | Mr. | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Lyman | nmod:desc |
| 2 | Lyman | Lyman | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 writes | nsubj |
| 3 | writes | write | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 8 midst | punct |
| 5 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 midst | punct |
| 6 | In | in | ADP | _ | 8 midst | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 midst | det |
| 8 | midst | midst | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 writes | ccomp |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 earthquake | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 earthquake | det |
| 11 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 earthquake | amod |
| 12 | earthquake | earthquake | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 midst | nmod |
| 13 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 15 burst | nsubj |
| 14 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 burst | aux:pass |
| 15 | burst | burst | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 12 earthquake | acl:relcl |
| 16 | out | out | ADP | _ | 15 burst | compound:prt |
| 17 | from | from | ADP | _ | 19 top | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 top | det |
| 19 | top | top | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 burst | obl |
| 20 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 pali | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 pali | det |
| 22 | pali | pali | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 top | nmod |
| 23 | about | about | ADP | _ | 25 mile | case |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 mile | det |
| 25 | mile | mile | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 pali | nmod |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 north | cc |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 29 north | det |
| 28 | half | half | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Frac | 29 north | amod |
| 29 | north | north | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 midst | conj |
| 30 | of | of | ADP | _ | 31 us | case |
| 31 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 29 north | nmod |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 supposed | punct |
| 33 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 35 supposed | obj |
| 34 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 35 supposed | nsubj |
| 35 | supposed | suppose | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 midst | conj |
| 36 | to | to | PART | _ | 40 river | mark |
| 37 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 40 river | cop |
| 38 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 40 river | det |
| 39 | immense | immense | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 river | amod |
| 40 | river | river | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 supposed | xcomp |
| 41 | of | of | ADP | _ | 43 lava | case |
| 42 | molten | molten | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 lava | amod |
| 43 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 river | nmod |
| 44 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 47 proved | punct |
| 45 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 47 proved | nsubj |
| 46 | afterward | afterward | ADV | _ | 47 proved | advmod |
| 47 | proved | prove | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 43 lava | acl:relcl |
| 48 | to | to | PART | _ | 51 earth | mark |
| 49 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 51 earth | cop |
| 50 | red | red | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 51 earth | amod |
| 51 | earth | earth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 proved | ccomp |
| 52 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 51 earth | punct |
| 53 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 55 rushed | punct |
| 54 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 55 rushed | nsubj |
| 55 | rushed | rush | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 51 earth | parataxis |
| 56 | down | down | ADP | _ | 55 rushed | compound:prt |
| 57 | in | in | ADP | _ | 59 course | case |
| 58 | headlong | headlong | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 59 course | amod |
| 59 | course | course | NOUN | Number=Sing | 55 rushed | obl |
| 60 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 63 plain | cc |
| 61 | across | across | ADP | _ | 63 plain | case |
| 62 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 63 plain | det |
| 63 | plain | plain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 59 course | conj |
| 64 | below | below | ADV | _ | 63 plain | advmod |
| 65 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 67 bursting | punct |
| 66 | apparently | apparently | ADV | _ | 67 bursting | advmod |
| 67 | bursting | burst | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 55 rushed | advcl |
| 68 | from | from | ADP | _ | 70 ground | case |
| 69 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 70 ground | det |
| 70 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 67 bursting | obl |
| 71 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 72 swallowing | cc |
| 72 | swallowing | swallow | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 67 bursting | conj |
| 73 | up | up | ADP | _ | 72 swallowing | compound:prt |
| 74 | everything | everything | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Tot | 72 swallowing | obj |
| 75 | in | in | ADP | _ | 77 way | case |
| 76 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 77 way | nmod:poss |
| 77 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 72 swallowing | obl |
| 78 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 79 trees | punct |
| 79 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 77 way | appos |
| 80 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 81 houses | punct |
| 81 | houses | house | NOUN | Number=Plur | 79 trees | conj |
| 82 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 83 cattle | punct |
| 83 | cattle | cattle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 79 trees | conj |
| 84 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 85 horses | punct |
| 85 | horses | horse | NOUN | Number=Plur | 79 trees | conj |
| 86 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 87 men | punct |
| 87 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 79 trees | conj |
| 88 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 91 instant | punct |
| 89 | in | in | ADP | _ | 91 instant | case |
| 90 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 91 instant | det |
| 91 | instant | instant | NOUN | Number=Sing | 67 bursting | obl |
| 92 | as | as | ADP | _ | 93 it | case |
| 93 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 91 instant | nmod |
| 94 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 67 bursting | cop |
| 95 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 writes | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | write | present | Lyman Mr. | the midst of the great earthquake and a half north of us ccomp | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | burst out in a quote | past · passive | we | the top of the pali about a mile | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 3 | suppose in a quote | past | we | the midst of the great earthquake and a half north of us | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent what=Attribute | ||||
| 4 | is a in a quote | to-infinitive | we not said here | a immense river | of molten lava | tree rules | |||
| 5 | prove in a quote | past | molten lava | afterward property | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 6 | is a in a quote | to-infinitive | molten lava not said here | red earth | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | rush down in a quote | past | red earth | headlong course and the plain | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in course=Trajectory | ||||
| 8 | is in a quote | past | red earth not said here | the ground | in a instant as mile; apparently, burst property | tree rules | |||
| 9 | swallow up in a quote | gerund | red earth not said here | everything | mile's way | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent everything=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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