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Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Volcanic Activity, sentence 42

Mr. Lyman writes: “In the midst of the great earthquake we saw burst out from the top of the pali about a mile and a half north of us, what we supposed to be an immense river of molten lava (which afterward proved to be red earth), which rushed down in headlong course and across the plain below, apparently bursting from the ground and swallowing up everything in its way—trees, houses, cattle, horses, men, in an instant as it were.

Who acts: Lyman, we, molten lava, red earth · What happens: write, burst out, suppose, be, prove, rush down · To what, where: we, top, midst, immense river, red earth, headlong course · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Volcanic Activity. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Lyman, we, molten lava, red earth), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

nmod:descnsubjpunctpunctcasedetccompcasedetamodnmodnsubjaux:passacl:relclcompound:prtcasedetoblcasedetnmodcasedetnmodccdetamodconjcasenmodpunctobjnsubjconjmarkcopdetamodxcompcaseamodnmodpunctnsubjadvmodacl:relclmarkcopamodccomppunctpunctnsubjparataxiscompound:prtcaseamodoblcccasedetconjadvmodpunctadvmodadvclcasedetoblccconjcompound:prtobjcasenmod:possoblpunctappospunctconjpunctconjpunctconjpunctconjpunctcasedetoblcasenmodcoppunctrootMr.PROPNLymanPROPNwritesVERB:PUNCT“PUNCTInADPtheDETmidstNOUNofADPtheDETgreatADJearthquakeNOUNwePRONsawVERBburstVERBoutADPfromADPtheDETtopNOUNofADPtheDETpaliNOUNaboutADPaDETmileNOUNandCCONJaDEThalfADJnorthNOUNofADPusPRON,PUNCTwhatPRONwePRONsupposedVERBtoPARTbeAUXanDETimmenseADJriverNOUNofADPmoltenADJlavaNOUN(PUNCTwhichPRONafterwardADVprovedVERBtoPARTbeAUXredADJearthNOUN)PUNCT,PUNCTwhichPRONrushedVERBdownADPinADPheadlongADJcourseNOUNandCCONJacrossADPtheDETplainNOUNbelowADV,PUNCTapparentlyADVburstingVERBfromADPtheDETgroundNOUNandCCONJswallowingVERBupADPeverythingPRONinADPitsPRONwayNOUN—PUNCTtreesNOUN,PUNCThousesNOUN,PUNCTcattleNOUN,PUNCThorsesNOUN,PUNCTmenNOUN,PUNCTinADPanDETinstantNOUNasADPitPRONwereAUX.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1Mr.Mr.PROPNNumber=Sing2 Lymannmod:desc
2LymanLymanPROPNNumber=Sing3 writesnsubj
3writeswriteVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Finrootroot
4::PUNCT_8 midstpunct
5“"PUNCT_8 midstpunct
6IninADP_8 midstcase
7thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art8 midstdet
8midstmidstNOUNNumber=Sing3 writesccomp
9ofofADP_12 earthquakecase
10thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art12 earthquakedet
11greatgreatADJDegree=Pos12 earthquakeamod
12earthquakeearthquakeNOUNNumber=Sing8 midstnmod
13wewePRONCase=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs15 burstnsubj
14sawseeVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin15 burstaux:pass
15burstburstVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass12 earthquakeacl:relcl
16outoutADP_15 burstcompound:prt
17fromfromADP_19 topcase
18thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art19 topdet
19toptopNOUNNumber=Sing15 burstobl
20ofofADP_22 palicase
21thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art22 palidet
22palipaliNOUNNumber=Sing19 topnmod
23aboutaboutADP_25 milecase
24aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art25 miledet
25milemileNOUNNumber=Sing22 palinmod
26andandCCONJ_29 northcc
27aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art29 northdet
28halfhalfADJDegree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Frac29 northamod
29northnorthNOUNNumber=Sing8 midstconj
30ofofADP_31 uscase
31uswePRONCase=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs29 northnmod
32,,PUNCT_35 supposedpunct
33whatwhatPRONPronType=Int35 supposedobj
34wewePRONCase=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs35 supposednsubj
35supposedsupposeVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin8 midstconj
36totoPART_40 rivermark
37bebeAUXVerbForm=Inf40 rivercop
38anaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art40 riverdet
39immenseimmenseADJDegree=Pos40 riveramod
40riverriverNOUNNumber=Sing35 supposedxcomp
41ofofADP_43 lavacase
42moltenmoltenADJDegree=Pos43 lavaamod
43lavalavaNOUNNumber=Sing40 rivernmod
44((PUNCT_47 provedpunct
45whichwhichPRONPronType=Rel47 provednsubj
46afterwardafterwardADV_47 provedadvmod
47provedproveVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin43 lavaacl:relcl
48totoPART_51 earthmark
49bebeAUXVerbForm=Inf51 earthcop
50redredADJDegree=Pos51 earthamod
51earthearthNOUNNumber=Sing47 provedccomp
52))PUNCT_51 earthpunct
53,,PUNCT_55 rushedpunct
54whichwhichPRONPronType=Rel55 rushednsubj
55rushedrushVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin51 earthparataxis
56downdownADP_55 rushedcompound:prt
57ininADP_59 coursecase
58headlongheadlongADJDegree=Pos59 courseamod
59coursecourseNOUNNumber=Sing55 rushedobl
60andandCCONJ_63 plaincc
61acrossacrossADP_63 plaincase
62thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art63 plaindet
63plainplainNOUNNumber=Sing59 courseconj
64belowbelowADV_63 plainadvmod
65,,PUNCT_67 burstingpunct
66apparentlyapparentlyADV_67 burstingadvmod
67burstingburstVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part55 rushedadvcl
68fromfromADP_70 groundcase
69thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art70 grounddet
70groundgroundNOUNNumber=Sing67 burstingobl
71andandCCONJ_72 swallowingcc
72swallowingswallowVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part67 burstingconj
73upupADP_72 swallowingcompound:prt
74everythingeverythingPRONNumber=Sing PronType=Tot72 swallowingobj
75ininADP_77 waycase
76itsitsPRONCase=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs77 waynmod:poss
77waywayNOUNNumber=Sing72 swallowingobl
78—-PUNCT_79 treespunct
79treestreeNOUNNumber=Plur77 wayappos
80,,PUNCT_81 housespunct
81houseshouseNOUNNumber=Plur79 treesconj
82,,PUNCT_83 cattlepunct
83cattlecattleNOUNNumber=Plur79 treesconj
84,,PUNCT_85 horsespunct
85horseshorseNOUNNumber=Plur79 treesconj
86,,PUNCT_87 menpunct
87menmanNOUNNumber=Plur79 treesconj
88,,PUNCT_91 instantpunct
89ininADP_91 instantcase
90anaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art91 instantdet
91instantinstantNOUNNumber=Sing67 burstingobl
92asasADP_93 itcase
93ititPRONCase=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs91 instantnmod
94werebeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin67 burstingcop
95..PUNCT_3 writespunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1writepresentLyman Mr.the midst of the great earthquake and a half north of us ccompvn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2burst out in a quotepast · passivewethe top of the pali about a milevn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme
3suppose in a quotepastwethe midst of the great earthquake and a half north of usvn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent what=Attribute
4is a in a quoteto-infinitivewe not said herea immense riverof molten lavatree rules
5prove in a quotepastmolten lavaafterward propertyvn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent
6is a in a quoteto-infinitivemolten lava not said herered earthtree rules
7rush down in a quotepastred earthheadlong course and the plainvn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in course=Trajectory
8is in a quotepastred earth not said herethe groundin a instant as mile; apparently, burst propertytree rules
9swallow up in a quotegerundred earth not said hereeverythingmile's wayvn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent everything=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

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