Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Changes in Kilauea Crater, sentence 29
Around the entire rim was a black ledge or balcony against which fountains of lava hurled their repeated drops, falling on the black ledge.
Who acts: fountains · What happens: be, hurl, repeat, fall · To what, where: black ledge, entire rim, repeated drops
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Changes in Kilauea Crater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (fountains), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Around | around | ADP | _ | 4 rim | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 rim | det |
| 3 | entire | entire | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 rim | amod |
| 4 | rim | rim | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 ledge | obl |
| 5 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 ledge | cop |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 ledge | det |
| 7 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 ledge | amod |
| 8 | ledge | ledge | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 9 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 10 balcony | cc |
| 10 | balcony | balcony | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 ledge | conj |
| 11 | against | against | ADP | _ | 12 which | case |
| 12 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 16 hurled | obl |
| 13 | fountains | fountain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 hurled | nsubj |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 15 lava | case |
| 15 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 fountains | nmod |
| 16 | hurled | hurl | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 ledge | parataxis |
| 17 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 19 drops | nmod:poss |
| 18 | repeated | repeat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 drops | amod |
| 19 | drops | drop | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 hurled | obj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 falling | punct |
| 21 | falling | fall | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 16 hurled | advcl |
| 22 | on | on | ADP | _ | 25 ledge | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 ledge | det |
| 24 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 ledge | amod |
| 25 | ledge | ledge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 falling | obl |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 ledge | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | past | a black ledge or balcony | the entire rim | balcony conj | tree rules | |||
| 2 | hurl | past | fountains of lava | fountains's repeated drops | a black ledge or balcony | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent drop=Theme against which=Destination | |||
| 3 | repeat | participle | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||||
| 4 | fall | gerund | fountains of lava not said here | the black ledge | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on ledge=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/28/29/