Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Changes in Kilauea Crater, sentence 36
The brief mention of shifting fires, flowing rivers, raging lakes, deep pits, falling walls, and frozen uneven lava surfaces must suffice to make evident the stupendous forces of nature which have terrified the Hawaiians for centuries and have made them build up legends in and around these terrors and have created the demand for a special fire-goddess to take rank with the other gods worshipped.
Who acts: frozen uneven lava surfaces, Hawaiians, rivers, other gods · What happens: flow, rage, fall, suffice, make, terrify · To what, where: rivers, lakes, walls, evident, stupendous forces, legends
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Changes in Kilauea Crater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (frozen uneven lava surfaces, Hawaiians, rivers, other gods), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 mention | det |
| 2 | brief | brief | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 mention | amod |
| 3 | mention | mention | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 fires | case |
| 5 | shifting | shifting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 fires | compound |
| 6 | fires | fire | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 mention | nmod |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 flowing | punct |
| 8 | flowing | flow | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 3 mention | parataxis |
| 9 | rivers | river | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 flowing | obj |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 raging | punct |
| 11 | raging | rage | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 8 flowing | conj |
| 12 | lakes | lake | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 raging | obj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 pits | punct |
| 14 | deep | deep | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 pits | amod |
| 15 | pits | pit | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 lakes | conj |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 falling | punct |
| 17 | falling | fall | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 11 raging | conj |
| 18 | walls | wall | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 falling | obj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 suffice | punct |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 suffice | cc |
| 21 | frozen | frozen | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 surfaces | amod |
| 22 | uneven | uneven | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 surfaces | amod |
| 23 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 surfaces | compound |
| 24 | surfaces | surface | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 suffice | nsubj |
| 25 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 26 suffice | aux |
| 26 | suffice | suffice | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 mention | parataxis |
| 27 | to | to | PART | _ | 28 make | mark |
| 28 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 26 suffice | xcomp |
| 29 | evident | evident | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 make | obj |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 forces | det |
| 31 | stupendous | stupendous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 forces | amod |
| 32 | forces | force | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 make | obj |
| 33 | of | of | ADP | _ | 34 nature | case |
| 34 | nature | nature | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 forces | nmod |
| 35 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 37 terrified | nsubj:pass |
| 36 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 37 terrified | aux |
| 37 | terrified | terrify | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 32 forces | parataxis |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 Hawaiians | det |
| 39 | Hawaiians | Hawaiian | PROPN | Number=Plur | 37 terrified | obl:agent |
| 40 | for | for | ADP | _ | 41 centuries | case |
| 41 | centuries | century | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 terrified | obl |
| 42 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 44 made | cc |
| 43 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 44 made | aux |
| 44 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 37 terrified | conj |
| 45 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 44 made | obj |
| 46 | build | build | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 44 made | xcomp |
| 47 | up | up | ADP | _ | 46 build | compound:prt |
| 48 | legends | legend | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 build | obj |
| 49 | in | in | ADV | _ | 46 build | advmod |
| 50 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 53 terrors | cc |
| 51 | around | around | ADP | _ | 53 terrors | case |
| 52 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 53 terrors | det |
| 53 | terrors | terror | NOUN | Number=Plur | 49 in | conj |
| 54 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 56 created | cc |
| 55 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 56 created | aux |
| 56 | created | create | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 37 terrified | conj |
| 57 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 58 demand | det |
| 58 | demand | demand | NOUN | Number=Sing | 56 created | obj |
| 59 | for | for | ADP | _ | 64 goddess | case |
| 60 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 64 goddess | det |
| 61 | special | special | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 64 goddess | amod |
| 62 | fire | fire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 64 goddess | compound |
| 63 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 62 fire | punct |
| 64 | goddess | goddess | NOUN | Number=Sing | 56 created | obl |
| 65 | to | to | PART | _ | 66 take | mark |
| 66 | take | take | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 56 created | advcl |
| 67 | rank | rank | NOUN | Number=Sing | 66 take | obj |
| 68 | with | with | SCONJ | _ | 72 worshipped | mark |
| 69 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 71 gods | det |
| 70 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 71 gods | amod |
| 71 | gods | god | NOUN | Number=Plur | 72 worshipped | nsubj |
| 72 | worshipped | worshipp | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 66 take | advcl |
| 73 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 mention | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | flow | gerund | rivers | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location river=Theme | |||||
| 2 | rage | gerund | lakes and deep pits | vn entity_specific_modes_being-47.2 «NP.location V NP»: agent=Location lake=Theme | |||||
| 3 | fall | gerund | walls | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient wall=Result | |||||
| 4 | suffice | must | frozen uneven lava surfaces | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | make | to-infinitive | frozen uneven lava surfaces not said here | evident | the stupendous forces of nature obj | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset evident=Beneficiary force=Product | |||
| 6 | terrify | present · perfect · passive | the Hawaiians | the stupendous forces of nature | century | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer | |||
| 7 | make | present · perfect | the Hawaiians not said here | rivers = river | tree rules | ||||
| 8 | build up | infinitive | rivers = river not said here | legends | vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer legend=Patient | ||||
| 9 | create | present · perfect | the Hawaiians not said here | the demand | for a special fire goddess | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent demand=Result for goddess=Beneficiary | |||
| 10 | take | to-infinitive | the Hawaiians not said here | rank | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rank=Theme | ||||
| 11 | worshipp | past | the other gods | tree rules | |||||
| 13 | mention | shifting fires | nom mention «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/28/36/