Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Polynesian Language, sentence 11
So in the Hawaiian everything that relates to their every-day life or to the natural objects with which they are conversant is expressed with a vivacity, a minuteness and nicety of coloring which cannot be reproduced in a foreign tongue.
Who acts: natural objects, nicety · What happens: relate, be, express, color, not reproduce · To what, where: everything, vivacity, foreign tongue
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Polynesian Language. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (natural objects, nicety), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | So | so | ADV | _ | 25 expressed | advmod |
| 2 | in | in | ADP | _ | 5 everything | case |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 everything | det |
| 4 | Hawaiian | hawaiian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 everything | amod |
| 5 | everything | everything | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Tot | 25 expressed | nsubj:pass |
| 6 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 7 relates | nsubj |
| 7 | relates | relate | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 everything | acl:relcl |
| 8 | to | to | ADP | _ | 13 life | case |
| 9 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 life | nmod:poss |
| 10 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 12 day | det |
| 11 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 10 every | punct |
| 12 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 life | compound |
| 13 | life | life | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 relates | obl |
| 14 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 18 objects | cc |
| 15 | to | to | ADP | _ | 18 objects | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 objects | det |
| 17 | natural | natural | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 objects | amod |
| 18 | objects | object | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 life | conj |
| 19 | with | with | ADP | _ | 23 conversant | case |
| 20 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 23 conversant | nsubj |
| 21 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 conversant | nsubj |
| 22 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 conversant | cop |
| 23 | conversant | conversant | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 objects | nmod |
| 24 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 expressed | aux:pass |
| 25 | expressed | express | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 26 | with | with | ADP | _ | 28 vivacity | case |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 vivacity | det |
| 28 | vivacity | vivacity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 expressed | obl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 minuteness | punct |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 minuteness | det |
| 31 | minuteness | minuteness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 vivacity | conj |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 nicety | cc |
| 33 | nicety | nicety | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 vivacity | conj |
| 34 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 35 coloring | mark |
| 35 | coloring | color | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 33 nicety | acl |
| 36 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 40 reproduced | nsubj:pass |
| 37 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 40 reproduced | aux |
| 38 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 40 reproduced | advmod |
| 39 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 40 reproduced | aux:pass |
| 40 | reproduced | reproduce | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 28 vivacity | acl:relcl |
| 41 | in | in | ADP | _ | 44 tongue | case |
| 42 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 44 tongue | det |
| 43 | foreign | foreign | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 tongue | amod |
| 44 | tongue | tongue | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 reproduced | obl |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 25 expressed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | relate | present | to distinctions's day life or the natural objects | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to life=Co-Theme | |||||
| 2 | is | present | the natural objects | with conversant; distinctions = distinction nsubj | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | express | present · passive | everything | with a vivacity and a minuteness and nicety | vn reflexive_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 4 | color | gerund | nicety not said here | vn coloring-24 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | not reproduce | can · passive | a vivacity and a minuteness and nicety | a foreign tongue | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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