Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Polynesian Language, sentence 16
Hence it abounds in synonyms which are such only in appearance, i.e., “to be broken” as a stick is ‘haki,’ as a string is ‘moku,’ as a dish ‘naha,’ as a wall ‘hina.’
Who acts: stick · What happens: abound, be, break · To what, where: such appearance
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Polynesian Language. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stick), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hence | hence | ADV | _ | 3 abounds | advmod |
| 2 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 abounds | nsubj |
| 3 | abounds | abound | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 5 synonyms | case |
| 5 | synonyms | synonym | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 appearance | obl |
| 6 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 11 appearance | nsubj |
| 7 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 11 appearance | cop |
| 8 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 appearance | amod |
| 9 | only | only | ADV | _ | 11 appearance | advmod |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 11 appearance | case |
| 11 | appearance | appearance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 abounds | ccomp |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 i.e. | punct |
| 13 | i.e. | i.e. | ADV | _ | 11 appearance | conj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 broken | punct |
| 15 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 broken | punct |
| 16 | to | to | PART | _ | 18 broken | mark |
| 17 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 18 broken | aux:pass |
| 18 | broken | break | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 abounds | conj |
| 19 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 broken | punct |
| 20 | as | as | ADP | _ | 25 haki | case |
| 21 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 22 stick | det |
| 22 | stick | stick | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 haki | nsubj |
| 23 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 haki | cop |
| 24 | ‘ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 25 haki | punct |
| 25 | haki | haki | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 broken | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 haki | punct |
| 27 | ’ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 25 haki | punct |
| 28 | as | as | ADP | _ | 30 string | case |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 string | det |
| 30 | string | string | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 broken | obl |
| 31 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 33 moku | cop |
| 32 | ‘ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 33 moku | punct |
| 33 | moku | moku | X | Foreign=Yes | 30 string | conj |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 moku | punct |
| 35 | ’ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 33 moku | punct |
| 36 | as | as | ADP | _ | 38 dish | case |
| 37 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 38 dish | det |
| 38 | dish | dish | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 broken | obl |
| 39 | ‘ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 40 naha | punct |
| 40 | naha | Naha | PROPN | Number=Sing | 38 dish | appos |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 naha | punct |
| 42 | ’ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 40 naha | punct |
| 43 | as | as | ADP | _ | 47 hina | case |
| 44 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 45 wall | det |
| 45 | wall | wall | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 hina | nmod:poss |
| 46 | ‘ | ‘ | PART | _ | 45 wall | case |
| 47 | hina | hina | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 broken | obl |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 abounds | punct |
| 49 | ’ | ' | PUNCT | _ | 3 abounds | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | abound | present | stick | hence property | vn swarm-47.5.1-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | is | present | such appearance | in synonyms; which nsubj | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | break in a quote | to-infinitive · passive | stick not said here | as a string; as a dish; as a wall's hina | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V» | ||||
| 4 | is | present | a stick | as haki | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/31/16/