Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Ai-laau, the Forest Eater, sentence 18
He lived, the legends say, for a long time in a very ancient part of Kilauea, on the large island of Hawaii, now separated by a narrow ledge from the great crater and called Kilauea-iki (Little Kilauea).
Who acts: laau, legends · What happens: live, say, separate, call · To what, where: Kilauea iki · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Ai-laau, the Forest Eater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (laau, legends), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 lived | nsubj |
| 2 | lived | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 say | punct |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 legends | det |
| 5 | legends | legend | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 say | nsubj |
| 6 | say | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 lived | ccomp |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 time | punct |
| 8 | for | for | ADP | _ | 11 time | case |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 time | det |
| 10 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 time | amod |
| 11 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 say | obl |
| 12 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 part | case |
| 13 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 part | det |
| 14 | very | very | ADV | _ | 15 ancient | advmod |
| 15 | ancient | ancient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 part | amod |
| 16 | part | part | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 time | nmod |
| 17 | of | of | ADP | _ | 18 Kilauea | case |
| 18 | Kilauea | Kilauea | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 part | nmod |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 island | punct |
| 20 | on | on | ADP | _ | 23 island | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 island | det |
| 22 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 island | amod |
| 23 | island | island | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 say | parataxis |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 Hawaii | case |
| 25 | Hawaii | Hawaii | PROPN | Number=Sing | 23 island | nmod |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 separated | punct |
| 27 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 28 separated | advmod |
| 28 | separated | separate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 23 island | conj |
| 29 | by | by | ADP | _ | 32 ledge | case |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 32 ledge | det |
| 31 | narrow | narrow | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 ledge | amod |
| 32 | ledge | ledge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 separated | obl |
| 33 | from | from | ADP | _ | 36 crater | case |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 crater | det |
| 35 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 crater | amod |
| 36 | crater | crater | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 separated | obl |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 called | cc |
| 38 | called | call | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 28 separated | conj |
| 39 | Kilauea | Kilauea | PROPN | Number=Sing | 41 iki | compound |
| 40 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 41 iki | punct |
| 41 | iki | iki | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 called | xcomp |
| 42 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 44 Kilauea | punct |
| 43 | Little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 Kilauea | amod |
| 44 | Kilauea | Kilauea | PROPN | Number=Sing | 41 iki | appos |
| 45 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 44 Kilauea | punct |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 lived | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | live | past | laau | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | say speech: assert | present | the legends | time | the large island of Hawaii parataxis | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | |||
| 3 | separate | participle | the legends not said here | now | by a narrow ledge; from the great crater | vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient from crater=Co-Patient | |||
| 4 | call | past | the legends not said here | Kilauea iki | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66516/4/18/