The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker, sentence 62
Evening came; the sun had gone down, and the shadow of night covered the valley, when again thunder was heard, this time far away at first, and then coming nearer.
Who acts: Evening, sun, shadow · What happens: come, go down, cover, hear, shadow · To what, where: valley, thunder, night
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Evening, sun, shadow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Evening | evening | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 came | nsubj |
| 2 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 7 gone | punct |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 sun | det |
| 5 | sun | sun | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 gone | nsubj |
| 6 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 gone | aux |
| 7 | gone | go | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 2 came | conj |
| 8 | down | down | ADP | _ | 7 gone | compound:prt |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 covered | punct |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 covered | cc |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 shadow | det |
| 12 | shadow | shadow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 covered | nsubj |
| 13 | of | of | ADP | _ | 14 night | case |
| 14 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 shadow | nmod |
| 15 | covered | cover | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 came | parataxis |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 valley | det |
| 17 | valley | valley | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 covered | obj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 heard | punct |
| 19 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 23 heard | advmod |
| 20 | again | again | ADV | _ | 21 thunder | advmod |
| 21 | thunder | thunder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 heard | nsubj |
| 22 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 heard | aux:pass |
| 23 | heard | hear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 came | conj |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 away | punct |
| 25 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 26 time | det |
| 26 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 away | obl:unmarked |
| 27 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 28 away | advmod |
| 28 | away | away | ADV | _ | 23 heard | advmod |
| 29 | at | at | ADP | _ | 30 first | case |
| 30 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 28 away | obl |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 coming | punct |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 coming | cc |
| 33 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 34 coming | advmod |
| 34 | coming | come | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 2 came | advcl |
| 35 | nearer | near | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 34 coming | xcomp |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 came | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | Evening | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | go down | past · perfect | the sun | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | |||||
| 3 | cover | past | the shadow of night | the valley | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme valley=Destination | ||||
| 4 | hear | past · passive | thunder | away property | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Stimulus | ||||
| 5 | come | gerund | Evening not said here | then | near property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||
| 6 | shadow | night | nom shadow «state transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66596/12/62/