The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker, sentence 7
He said to the chiefs: “Come, now, the buffalo have gone; they are our food; let us too move away from the mountains and follow them.”
Who acts: last, buffalo, chiefs · What happens: say, come, go, be, let, move away · To what, where: chiefs, food, us · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (last, buffalo, chiefs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 said | nsubj |
| 2 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | to | to | ADP | _ | 5 chiefs | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 chiefs | det |
| 5 | chiefs | chief | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 said | obl |
| 6 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 8 Come | punct |
| 7 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 Come | punct |
| 8 | Come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 2 said | conj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 gone | punct |
| 10 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 15 gone | advmod |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 gone | punct |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 buffalo | det |
| 13 | buffalo | buffalo | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 gone | nsubj |
| 14 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 gone | aux |
| 15 | gone | go | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 8 Come | advcl |
| 16 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 20 food | punct |
| 17 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 food | nsubj |
| 18 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 food | cop |
| 19 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 20 food | nmod:poss |
| 20 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 said | ccomp |
| 21 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 22 let | punct |
| 22 | let | let | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 2 said | ccomp |
| 23 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 22 let | obj |
| 24 | too | too | ADV | _ | 25 move | advmod |
| 25 | move | move | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 let | advcl |
| 26 | away | away | ADV | _ | 25 move | advmod |
| 27 | from | from | ADP | _ | 29 mountains | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 mountains | det |
| 29 | mountains | mountain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 away | obl |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 follow | cc |
| 31 | follow | follow | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 22 let | conj |
| 32 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 31 follow | obj |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 22 let | punct |
| 34 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 let | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | last | the chiefs | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to chief=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 2 | come in a quote | infinitive | last not said here | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 3 | go in a quote | present · perfect | the buffalo | now | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | is a in a quote | present | chiefs = chief | our food | our nmod:poss | tree rules | |||
| 5 | let in a quote | infinitive | us | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Theme | |||||
| 6 | move away in a quote | present | away property | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 7 | follow in a quote | infinitive | chiefs = chief | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66596/12/7/