The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Blindness of Pi-waṕ-ōk, sentence 81
Í-kai-si cried, and begged him to think no more of such a dangerous thing; the friend told how straight and high the cliff was, how difficult to climb, but they talked in vain.
Who acts: Í, friend, cliff, chance · What happens: cry, beg, think, tell, be, climb · To what, where: Í, more, vain · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Blindness of Pi-waṕ-ōk. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Í, friend, cliff, chance), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Í | Í | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 cried | nsubj |
| 2 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 1 Í | punct |
| 3 | kai | kai | X | Foreign=Yes | 1 Í | dep |
| 4 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 5 si | punct |
| 5 | si | si | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Í | appos |
| 6 | cried | cry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 begged | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 begged | cc |
| 9 | begged | beg | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 cried | conj |
| 10 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 begged | obj |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 12 think | mark |
| 12 | think | think | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 9 begged | xcomp |
| 13 | no | no | ADV | _ | 14 more | advmod |
| 14 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 12 think | obj |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 thing | case |
| 16 | such | such | DET | PronType=Ind | 19 thing | det:predet |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 thing | det |
| 18 | dangerous | dangerous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 thing | amod |
| 19 | thing | thing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 more | obl |
| 20 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 23 told | punct |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 friend | det |
| 22 | friend | friend | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 told | nsubj |
| 23 | told | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 cried | parataxis |
| 24 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 25 straight | advmod |
| 25 | straight | straight | ADV | _ | 27 high | advmod |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 high | cc |
| 27 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 told | ccomp |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 cliff | det |
| 29 | cliff | cliff | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 high | nsubj |
| 30 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 27 high | cop |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 difficult | punct |
| 32 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 33 difficult | advmod |
| 33 | difficult | difficult | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 high | advcl |
| 34 | to | to | PART | _ | 35 climb | mark |
| 35 | climb | climb | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 33 difficult | xcomp |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 talked | punct |
| 37 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 39 talked | cc |
| 38 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 39 talked | nsubj |
| 39 | talked | talk | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 told | conj |
| 40 | in | in | ADP | _ | 41 vain | case |
| 41 | vain | vain | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 talked | obl |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 cried | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cry speech: express | past | Í | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | beg speech: request | past | Í not said here | Í = í | vn beg-58.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent he=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 3 | think speech: other not said to happen | to-infinitive | Í not said here | more of such dangerous thing | vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot more=Theme | ||||
| 4 | tell speech: assert | past | the friend | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | is | past | the cliff | high, straight property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | climb | to-infinitive | the cliff not said here | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 7 | talk | past | chance | vain | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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