The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Ragged Head, sentence 38
The younger of the two carried a bow and arrows, and the other had an old shot-gun the barrels of which had been cut off short, so that he could carry it under his robe without its being seen.
Who acts: other, party · What happens: carry, have, cut off, see · To what, where: bow, old shot gun, gun, robe
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Ragged Head. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (other, party), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 younger | det |
| 2 | younger | young | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 6 carried | advcl |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 two | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 two | det |
| 5 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 6 carried | obl |
| 6 | carried | carry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 bow | det |
| 8 | bow | bow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 carried | obj |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 arrows | cc |
| 10 | arrows | arrow | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 bow | conj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 had | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 had | cc |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 other | det |
| 14 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 had | nsubj |
| 15 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 carried | conj |
| 16 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 gun | det |
| 17 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 gun | amod |
| 18 | shot | shot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 gun | compound |
| 19 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 18 shot | punct |
| 20 | gun | gun | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 had | obj |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 barrels | det |
| 22 | barrels | barrel | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 gun | obj |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 24 which | case |
| 24 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 27 cut | obl |
| 25 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 27 cut | aux |
| 26 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 27 cut | aux:pass |
| 27 | cut | cut | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 22 barrels | acl:relcl |
| 28 | off | off | ADP | _ | 27 cut | compound:prt |
| 29 | short | short | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 cut | xcomp |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 carry | punct |
| 31 | so | so | SCONJ | ExtPos=SCONJ | 35 carry | mark |
| 32 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 31 so | fixed |
| 33 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 35 carry | nsubj |
| 34 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 35 carry | aux |
| 35 | carry | carry | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 15 had | conj |
| 36 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 35 carry | obj |
| 37 | under | under | ADP | _ | 39 robe | case |
| 38 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 39 robe | nmod:poss |
| 39 | robe | robe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 carry | obl |
| 40 | without | without | SCONJ | _ | 43 seen | mark |
| 41 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 43 seen | nmod:poss |
| 42 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 43 seen | aux:pass |
| 43 | seen | see | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 35 carry | advcl |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 carried | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | carry | past | a bow and arrows | of the two | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent bow=Theme of two=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | have | past | the other | a old shot gun the barrels | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gun=Patient | ||||
| 3 | cut off | past · perfect · passive | of the barrels; short property | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP PP»: of which=Initial_Location | |||||
| 4 | carry | could | party | gun | party's robe | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme | |||
| 5 | see | gerund · passive | party not said here | robe nmod:poss | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V» |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66596/14/38/