The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Beaver Stick, sentence 72
“Our only food,” said the old man, “is the bark of the trees; for, after all, you know, we are actually beavers, although we have the power to change our bodies into the form of any living thing.
Who acts: only food, you, all, we, power · What happens: say, be, know, have, change, form · To what, where: old man, bark, beavers, power, bodies, form · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Beaver Stick. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (only food, you, all, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 7 said | punct |
| 2 | Our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 4 food | nmod:poss |
| 3 | only | only | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 food | amod |
| 4 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 said | nsubj |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 food | punct |
| 6 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 4 food | punct |
| 7 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 man | det |
| 9 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 man | amod |
| 10 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 said | obj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 bark | punct |
| 12 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 bark | punct |
| 13 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 bark | cop |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 bark | det |
| 15 | bark | bark | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 man | conj |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 18 trees | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 trees | det |
| 18 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 bark | nmod |
| 19 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 31 beavers | punct |
| 20 | for | for | ADP | _ | 23 all | case |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 for | punct |
| 22 | after | after | ADP | _ | 23 all | case |
| 23 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 31 beavers | nsubj |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 all | punct |
| 25 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 26 know | nsubj |
| 26 | know | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 all | acl:relcl |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 all | punct |
| 28 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 31 beavers | nsubj |
| 29 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 beavers | cop |
| 30 | actually | actually | ADV | _ | 31 beavers | advmod |
| 31 | beavers | beaver | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 said | obl |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 have | punct |
| 33 | although | although | SCONJ | _ | 35 have | mark |
| 34 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 35 have | nsubj |
| 35 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 said | conj |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 power | det |
| 37 | power | power | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 have | obj |
| 38 | to | to | PART | _ | 39 change | mark |
| 39 | change | change | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 35 have | xcomp |
| 40 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 41 bodies | nmod:poss |
| 41 | bodies | body | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 change | obj |
| 42 | into | into | ADP | _ | 44 form | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 form | det |
| 44 | form | form | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 change | obl |
| 45 | of | of | ADP | _ | 48 thing | case |
| 46 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 48 thing | det |
| 47 | living | living | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 thing | compound |
| 48 | thing | thing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 form | nmod |
| 49 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | Our only food | the old man and the bark | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent man=Topic | ||||
| 2 | is a in a quote | present | Our only food not said here | the bark | of the trees | tree rules | |||
| 3 | know in a quote | present | you | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 4 | is a in a quote | present | all | beavers | we nsubj; actually property | tree rules | |||
| 5 | have in a quote | present | we | the power | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | change in a quote | to-infinitive | the power not said here | our bodies | into the form of any living thing result | vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP V NP.patient PP.result»: agent=Agent body=Patient into form=Result | |||
| 7 | form in a quote | any living thing | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66596/17/72/