The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Star Boy, sentence 89
The boys said to the old woman, “Grandmother, we have done this so that we could put this skin outside the lodge to scare away other animals so that they will not come near us.”
Who acts: boys, we, animals · What happens: say, do, put, scare away, not come · To what, where: old woman, this, skin, lodge, other animals, us · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Star Boy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boys, we, animals), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 boys | det |
| 2 | boys | boy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 said | nsubj |
| 3 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | to | to | ADP | _ | 7 woman | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 woman | det |
| 6 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 woman | amod |
| 7 | woman | woman | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 said | obl |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 Grandmother | punct |
| 9 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 Grandmother | punct |
| 10 | Grandmother | grandmother | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 woman | conj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 done | punct |
| 12 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 14 done | nsubj |
| 13 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 done | aux |
| 14 | done | do | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 3 said | conj |
| 15 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 14 done | obj |
| 16 | so | so | SCONJ | ExtPos=SCONJ | 20 put | mark |
| 17 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 16 so | fixed |
| 18 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 20 put | nsubj |
| 19 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 20 put | aux |
| 20 | put | put | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 14 done | advcl |
| 21 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 22 skin | det |
| 22 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 put | obj |
| 23 | outside | outside | ADP | _ | 25 lodge | case |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 lodge | det |
| 25 | lodge | lodge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 put | obl |
| 26 | to | to | PART | _ | 27 scare | mark |
| 27 | scare | scare | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 20 put | advcl |
| 28 | away | away | ADV | _ | 27 scare | advmod |
| 29 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 animals | amod |
| 30 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 scare | obj |
| 31 | so | so | SCONJ | ExtPos=SCONJ | 36 come | mark |
| 32 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 31 so | fixed |
| 33 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 36 come | nsubj |
| 34 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 36 come | aux |
| 35 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 36 come | advmod |
| 36 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 27 scare | advcl |
| 37 | near | near | ADV | _ | 36 come | advmod |
| 38 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 36 come | obl |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 said | punct |
| 40 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | the boys | the old woman and Grandmother | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to woman=Recipient | ||||
| 2 | do in a quote | present · perfect | we | this | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent this=Eventuality | ||||
| 3 | put in a quote | could | we | this skin | the lodge | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent skin=Theme outside lodge=Destination | |||
| 4 | scare away in a quote | to-infinitive | we not said here | other animals | away property | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus animal=Experiencer | |||
| 5 | not come in a quote | future | animals = animal | us | near property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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