The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, The Homesick Hero, sentence 14
Then he spoke to his own heart and said, “Why am I so cowardly—I who have hitherto feared nothing under the sun?
Who acts: Ilmarinen · What happens: speak, say, be, fear · To what, where: Ilmarinen · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Homesick Hero. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ilmarinen), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 3 spoke | advmod |
| 2 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 spoke | nsubj |
| 3 | spoke | speak | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | to | to | ADP | _ | 7 heart | case |
| 5 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 7 heart | nmod:poss |
| 6 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 heart | amod |
| 7 | heart | heart | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 spoke | obl |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 said | cc |
| 9 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 spoke | conj |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 nothing | punct |
| 11 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 23 nothing | punct |
| 12 | Why | why | ADV | PronType=Int | 16 cowardly | advmod |
| 13 | am | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 cowardly | cop |
| 14 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 16 cowardly | nsubj |
| 15 | so | so | ADV | _ | 16 cowardly | advmod |
| 16 | cowardly | cowardly | ADV | _ | 22 feared | advmod |
| 17 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 16 cowardly | punct |
| 18 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 22 feared | nsubj |
| 19 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 22 feared | nsubj:pass |
| 20 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 feared | aux |
| 21 | hitherto | hitherto | ADV | _ | 22 feared | advmod |
| 22 | feared | fear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 23 nothing | amod |
| 23 | nothing | nothing | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Neg | 9 said | ccomp |
| 24 | under | under | ADP | _ | 26 sun | case |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 sun | det |
| 26 | sun | sun | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 nothing | nmod |
| 27 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 3 spoke | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | speak speech: other | past | Ilmarinen | then | to Ilmarinen's own heart | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to heart=Co-Agent | |||
| 2 | say speech: ask | past | Ilmarinen not said here | nothing under the sun ccomp | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | is in a quote | present | Ilmarinen | cowardly property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | fear in a quote | present · perfect · passive | Ilmarinen | who nsubj:pass; hitherto property | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66819/12/14/