Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident., sentence 103
After a time, the rabbit came out and said that he had burrowed away until he had come just under where the frog was sitting, and that he had made holes so that they could get at both his hind legs without being seen.
Who acts: rabbit, frog, holes · What happens: come out, say, burrow away, come, sit, make · To what, where: holes, hind legs · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rabbit, frog, holes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | After | after | ADP | _ | 3 time | case |
| 2 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 time | det |
| 3 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 came | obl |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 time | punct |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 rabbit | det |
| 6 | rabbit | rabbit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 came | nsubj |
| 7 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | out | out | ADV | _ | 7 came | advmod |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 said | cc |
| 10 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 came | conj |
| 11 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 14 burrowed | mark |
| 12 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 burrowed | nsubj |
| 13 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 burrowed | aux |
| 14 | burrowed | burrow | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 10 said | ccomp |
| 15 | away | away | ADV | _ | 14 burrowed | advmod |
| 16 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 19 come | mark |
| 17 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 come | nsubj |
| 18 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 come | aux |
| 19 | come | come | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 14 burrowed | advcl |
| 20 | just | just | ADV | _ | 26 sitting | advmod |
| 21 | under | under | ADP | _ | 26 sitting | mark |
| 22 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 26 sitting | advmod |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 frog | det |
| 24 | frog | frog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 sitting | nsubj |
| 25 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 26 sitting | aux |
| 26 | sitting | sit | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 19 come | advcl |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 made | punct |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 made | cc |
| 29 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 32 made | mark |
| 30 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 made | nsubj |
| 31 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 made | aux |
| 32 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 7 came | parataxis |
| 33 | holes | hole | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 made | obj |
| 34 | so | so | SCONJ | ExtPos=SCONJ | 38 get | mark |
| 35 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 34 so | fixed |
| 36 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 38 get | nsubj |
| 37 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 38 get | aux |
| 38 | get | get | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 32 made | advcl |
| 39 | at | at | ADP | _ | 43 legs | case |
| 40 | both | both | DET | PronType=Tot | 43 legs | nsubj |
| 41 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 43 legs | nmod:poss |
| 42 | hind | hind | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 legs | amod |
| 43 | legs | leg | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 get | obl |
| 44 | without | without | SCONJ | _ | 46 seen | mark |
| 45 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 46 seen | aux:pass |
| 46 | seen | see | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 38 get | advcl |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 came | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come out | past | the rabbit | time | out property | vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient | |||
| 2 | say speech: assert | past | the rabbit not said here | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | burrow away | past · perfect | rabbit | away property | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | come | past · perfect | rabbit | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | sit | past · progressive | the frog | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | make | past · perfect | rabbit | holes | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hole=Product | ||||
| 7 | get | could | holes = hole | rabbit's hind legs | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 8 | see | gerund · passive | holes = hole not said here | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V» |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/12/103/