Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident., sentence 33
The ju-ju man then said, “It was your friend Okpa who sent the big snake to swallow you as he is envious of your being a hunter and making more money than him.”
Who acts: ju man, word, friend, man · What happens: say, be, send, swallow, make · To what, where: friend, big snake, you, more money · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ju man, word, friend, man), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 man | det |
| 2 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 ju | compound |
| 3 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 2 ju | punct |
| 4 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 man | compound |
| 5 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 said | nsubj |
| 6 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 7 said | advmod |
| 7 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 friend | punct |
| 9 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 13 friend | punct |
| 10 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 friend | nsubj |
| 11 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 friend | cop |
| 12 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 friend | nmod:poss |
| 13 | friend | friend | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 said | ccomp |
| 14 | Okpa | Okpa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 13 friend | appos |
| 15 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 16 sent | nsubj |
| 16 | sent | send | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 friend | acl:relcl |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 snake | det |
| 18 | big | big | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 snake | amod |
| 19 | snake | snake | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 sent | obj |
| 20 | to | to | PART | _ | 21 swallow | mark |
| 21 | swallow | swallow | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 16 sent | advcl |
| 22 | you | you | PRON | Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs | 21 swallow | obj |
| 23 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 26 envious | mark |
| 24 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 envious | nsubj |
| 25 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 envious | cop |
| 26 | envious | envious | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 swallow | advcl |
| 27 | of | of | ADP | _ | 31 hunter | case |
| 28 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 31 hunter | nmod:poss |
| 29 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 31 hunter | cop |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 hunter | det |
| 31 | hunter | hunter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 envious | obl |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 making | cc |
| 33 | making | make | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 31 hunter | conj |
| 34 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 35 money | amod |
| 35 | money | money | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 making | obj |
| 36 | than | than | ADP | _ | 37 him | case |
| 37 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 making | obl |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 friend | punct |
| 39 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 13 friend | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | the ju man | then | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | is a in a quote | past | word | your friend | your nmod:poss; Okpa appos | tree rules | |||
| 3 | send in a quote | past | your friend | the big snake | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent snake=Theme | ||||
| 4 | swallow in a quote | to-infinitive | your friend not said here | you | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Patient | ||||
| 5 | is in a quote | present | man | envious property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | is in a quote | gerund | of your hunter; your nmod:poss | tree rules | |||||
| 7 | make in a quote | gerund | more money | than man | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset money=Product |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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