Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xix.--why the Mist Rises From the Water., sentence 58
He thought he must have made a mistake, so he counted them again out loud, one, two, three, up to seven, and the cripple called from his pot after him the numbers up to seven.
Who acts: Ogbaja, cripple · What happens: think, make, count, call · To what, where: mistake, witches, numbers, pot · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xix.--why the Mist Rises From the Water.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ogbaja, cripple), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 thought | nsubj |
| 2 | thought | think | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 made | nsubj |
| 4 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 6 made | aux |
| 5 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 6 made | aux |
| 6 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 2 thought | ccomp |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 mistake | det |
| 8 | mistake | mistake | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 made | obj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 counted | punct |
| 10 | so | so | ADV | _ | 12 counted | advmod |
| 11 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 12 counted | nsubj |
| 12 | counted | count | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 thought | parataxis |
| 13 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 12 counted | obj |
| 14 | again | again | ADV | _ | 12 counted | advmod |
| 15 | out | out | ADV | _ | 16 loud | advmod |
| 16 | loud | loud | ADV | _ | 12 counted | advmod |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 one | punct |
| 18 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 12 counted | conj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 two | punct |
| 20 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 18 one | conj |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 three | punct |
| 22 | three | three | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 18 one | conj |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 seven | punct |
| 24 | up | up | ADV | _ | 26 seven | advmod |
| 25 | to | to | ADP | _ | 26 seven | case |
| 26 | seven | seven | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 22 three | appos |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 cripple | punct |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 cripple | cc |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 cripple | det |
| 30 | cripple | cripple | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 thought | ccomp |
| 31 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 30 cripple | acl |
| 32 | from | from | ADP | _ | 34 pot | case |
| 33 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 34 pot | nmod:poss |
| 34 | pot | pot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 called | obl |
| 35 | after | after | ADP | _ | 36 him | case |
| 36 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 34 pot | nmod |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 numbers | det |
| 38 | numbers | number | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 called | xcomp |
| 39 | up | up | ADP | _ | 41 seven | case |
| 40 | to | to | ADP | _ | 41 seven | case |
| 41 | seven | seven | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 38 numbers | nmod |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 thought | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | think speech: other | past | Ogbaja | the cripple ccomp | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | ||||
| 2 | make | must · perfect | Ogbaja | a mistake | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mistake=Product | ||||
| 3 | count | past | Ogbaja | witches = witch | again | one conj; loud property | vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | ||
| 4 | call | participle | the cripple not said here | the numbers up seven | Ogbaja's pot after Ogbaja | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from pot=Source |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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