Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 17
Oga knowing this, directly he had got into Abang’s skin, ran down to the beach, and, jumping into a canoe, paddled himself across the Afi River, and ran off along the road to Akparabong as fast as he could go, leaving Abang sitting on the floor of the house calling to him to return at once and change skins.
Who acts: Oga · What happens: know, get, run down, jump, paddle, run off · To what, where: this, Oga, skin, canoe, Afi River, road · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oga), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Oga | Oga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 ran | nsubj |
| 2 | knowing | know | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 1 Oga | acl |
| 3 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 2 knowing | obj |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 got | punct |
| 5 | directly | directly | ADV | _ | 8 got | advmod |
| 6 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 8 got | nsubj |
| 7 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 got | aux |
| 8 | got | get | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 1 Oga | acl |
| 9 | into | into | ADP | _ | 12 skin | case |
| 10 | Abang | Abang | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 skin | nmod:poss |
| 11 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 10 Abang | case |
| 12 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 got | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Oga | punct |
| 14 | ran | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 15 | down | down | ADV | _ | 14 ran | advmod |
| 16 | to | to | ADP | _ | 18 beach | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 beach | det |
| 18 | beach | beach | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 ran | obl |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 jumping | punct |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 jumping | cc |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 jumping | punct |
| 22 | jumping | jump | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 14 ran | advcl |
| 23 | into | into | ADP | _ | 25 canoe | case |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 canoe | det |
| 25 | canoe | canoe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 jumping | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 paddled | punct |
| 27 | paddled | paddle | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 ran | conj |
| 28 | himself | himself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 27 paddled | obj |
| 29 | across | across | ADP | _ | 32 River | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 River | det |
| 31 | Afi | Afi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 32 River | compound |
| 32 | River | River | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 paddled | obl |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 ran | punct |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 ran | cc |
| 35 | ran | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 ran | conj |
| 36 | off | off | ADP | _ | 35 ran | compound:prt |
| 37 | along | along | ADP | _ | 39 road | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 road | det |
| 39 | road | road | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 ran | obl |
| 40 | to | to | ADP | _ | 41 Akparabong | case |
| 41 | Akparabong | Akparabong | PROPN | Number=Sing | 39 road | nmod |
| 42 | as | as | ADV | _ | 43 fast | advmod |
| 43 | fast | fast | ADV | Degree=Pos | 35 ran | advmod |
| 44 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 47 go | mark |
| 45 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 47 go | nsubj |
| 46 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 47 go | aux |
| 47 | go | go | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 43 fast | advcl |
| 48 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 49 leaving | punct |
| 49 | leaving | leave | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 47 go | advcl |
| 50 | Abang | Abang | PROPN | Number=Sing | 49 leaving | obj |
| 51 | sitting | sit | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 49 leaving | conj |
| 52 | on | on | ADP | _ | 54 floor | case |
| 53 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 54 floor | det |
| 54 | floor | floor | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 sitting | obl |
| 55 | of | of | ADP | _ | 57 house | case |
| 56 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 57 house | det |
| 57 | house | house | NOUN | Number=Sing | 54 floor | nmod |
| 58 | calling | call | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 51 sitting | advcl |
| 59 | to | to | ADP | _ | 60 him | case |
| 60 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 58 calling | obl |
| 61 | to | to | PART | _ | 62 return | mark |
| 62 | return | return | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 58 calling | advcl |
| 63 | at | at | ADP | _ | 64 once | case |
| 64 | once | once | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 62 return | obl |
| 65 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 66 change | cc |
| 66 | change | change | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 62 return | conj |
| 67 | skins | skin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 66 change | obj |
| 68 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 14 ran | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | know | gerund | Oga not said here | this | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer this=Stimulus | ||||
| 2 | get | past · perfect | Oga | Oga not said here | Abang's skin | directly property | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer oga=Stimulus | ||
| 3 | run down | past | Oga | to the beach result; down property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to beach=Result | ||||
| 4 | jump | gerund | Oga not said here | a canoe | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into canoe=Destination | ||||
| 5 | paddle | past | Oga not said here | Oga | the Afi River | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent himself=Theme across river=Trajectory | |||
| 6 | run off | past | Oga not said here | the road to Akparabong | fast property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along road=Trajectory | |||
| 7 | go | could | Oga | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 8 | leave | gerund | Oga not said here | Abang | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent abang=Theme | ||||
| 9 | sit | gerund | Oga not said here | the floor of the house | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on floor=Location | ||||
| 10 | call | gerund | Oga not said here | Oga | vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to he=Recipient | ||||
| 11 | return | to-infinitive | Oga not said here | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 12 | change | infinitive | Oga not said here | skins | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/18/17/