Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 31
When he left Ikom, Oga was given more presents, and the chief lent him a large canoe and some paddles to take him to Okuni, a town a little lower down the river on the other side.
Who acts: Oga, chief · What happens: leave, give, lend, take · To what, where: Ikom, Oga, large canoe, Okuni, other side
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oga, chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 3 left | advmod |
| 2 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 left | nsubj |
| 3 | left | leave | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 given | advcl |
| 4 | Ikom | Ikom | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 left | obj |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 left | punct |
| 6 | Oga | Oga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 given | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 given | aux:pass |
| 8 | given | give | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 9 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 10 presents | amod |
| 10 | presents | present | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 given | obj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 lent | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 lent | cc |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 chief | det |
| 14 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 lent | nsubj |
| 15 | lent | lend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 given | conj |
| 16 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 lent | obj |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 canoe | det |
| 18 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 canoe | amod |
| 19 | canoe | canoe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 lent | obj |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 paddles | cc |
| 21 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 22 paddles | det |
| 22 | paddles | paddle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 canoe | conj |
| 23 | to | to | PART | _ | 24 take | mark |
| 24 | take | take | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 15 lent | advcl |
| 25 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 take | obj |
| 26 | to | to | ADP | _ | 27 Okuni | case |
| 27 | Okuni | Okuni | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 take | obl |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 town | punct |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 town | det |
| 30 | town | town | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 Okuni | appos |
| 31 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 32 little | det |
| 32 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 lower | obl:unmarked |
| 33 | lower | low | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 24 take | advmod |
| 34 | down | down | ADP | _ | 36 river | case |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 river | det |
| 36 | river | river | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 take | obl |
| 37 | on | on | ADP | _ | 40 side | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 side | det |
| 39 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 side | amod |
| 40 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 take | obl |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 given | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | leave | past | Oga | Ikom | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ikom=Theme | ||||
| 2 | give | past · passive | Oga | more presents obj | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient present=Theme | ||||
| 3 | lend | past | the chief | a large canoe and some paddles | Oga | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient canoe=Theme | |||
| 4 | take | to-infinitive | the chief not said here | Oga | Okuni | the other side | down the river; low property | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent he=Theme to okuni=Destination |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/18/31/