Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 43
Abang however, was kind-hearted, and allowed Oga to keep all the presents he had received, as he was very poor and he was sorry for him having such a wretched body and being all covered with sores.
Who acts: Abang, Oga · What happens: be, allow, keep, receive, have, cover · To what, where: Oga, presents, wretched body, all
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Abang, Oga), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abang | Abang | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 hearted | nsubj |
| 2 | however | however | ADV | _ | 1 Abang | advmod |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Abang | punct |
| 4 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 hearted | cop |
| 5 | kind | kind | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 hearted | compound |
| 6 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 5 kind | punct |
| 7 | hearted | hearted | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 allowed | punct |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 allowed | cc |
| 10 | allowed | allow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 hearted | conj |
| 11 | Oga | Oga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 allowed | iobj |
| 12 | to | to | PART | _ | 13 keep | mark |
| 13 | keep | keep | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 allowed | xcomp |
| 14 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 16 presents | det:predet |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 presents | det |
| 16 | presents | present | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 keep | obj |
| 17 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 received | nsubj |
| 18 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 received | aux |
| 19 | received | receive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 16 presents | acl:relcl |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 poor | punct |
| 21 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 25 poor | mark |
| 22 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 25 poor | nsubj |
| 23 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 25 poor | cop |
| 24 | very | very | ADV | _ | 25 poor | advmod |
| 25 | poor | poor | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 hearted | conj |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 sorry | cc |
| 27 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 29 sorry | nsubj |
| 28 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 29 sorry | cop |
| 29 | sorry | sorry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 poor | conj |
| 30 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 32 having | mark |
| 31 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 having | nsubj |
| 32 | having | have | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 29 sorry | advcl |
| 33 | such | such | DET | PronType=Ind | 36 body | det:predet |
| 34 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 36 body | det |
| 35 | wretched | wretched | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 body | amod |
| 36 | body | body | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 having | obj |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 covered | cc |
| 38 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 40 covered | aux:pass |
| 39 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 40 covered | nsubj:pass |
| 40 | covered | cover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 32 having | conj |
| 41 | with | with | ADP | _ | 42 sores | case |
| 42 | sores | sore | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 covered | obl |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 hearted | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | Abang | hearted property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | allow | past | Abang not said here | Oga | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: agent=Causer oga=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 3 | keep not said to happen | to-infinitive | Abang not said here | all presents | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent present=Theme | ||||
| 4 | receive | past · perfect | Oga | all presents not said here | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent present=Theme | ||||
| 5 | is | past | Oga | poor property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | is | past | Oga | sorry property | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | have | gerund | Oga | such wretched body | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent body=Patient | ||||
| 8 | cover | gerund · passive | all | with sores | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with sore=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/18/43/