Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 48
[9] The old man continually made sacrifices to his ju-ju of goats and fowls and all the young men of the town brought him presents as sacrifices so that they should not get the disease, which is very common throughout the country.
Who acts: old man, men, disease · What happens: make, bring, not get, be · To what, where: 9, presents, Okpa, disease
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old man, men, disease), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | [ | [ | PUNCT | _ | 2 9 | punct |
| 2 | 9 | 9 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 8 made | obl |
| 3 | ] | ] | PUNCT | _ | 2 9 | punct |
| 4 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 man | det |
| 5 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 man | amod |
| 6 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 made | nsubj |
| 7 | continually | continually | ADV | _ | 6 man | advmod |
| 8 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 9 | sacrifices | sacrifice | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 made | obj |
| 10 | to | to | ADP | _ | 14 ju | case |
| 11 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 14 ju | nmod:poss |
| 12 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 ju | compound |
| 13 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 12 ju | punct |
| 14 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 brought | obl |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 goats | case |
| 16 | goats | goat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 ju | nmod |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 fowls | cc |
| 18 | fowls | fowl | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 goats | conj |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 men | cc |
| 20 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 23 men | det:predet |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 men | det |
| 22 | young | young | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 men | amod |
| 23 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 goats | conj |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 town | case |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 town | det |
| 26 | town | town | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 men | nmod |
| 27 | brought | bring | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 made | conj |
| 28 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 brought | obj |
| 29 | presents | present | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 brought | obj |
| 30 | as | as | ADP | _ | 31 sacrifices | case |
| 31 | sacrifices | sacrifice | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 brought | obl |
| 32 | so | so | SCONJ | ExtPos=SCONJ | 37 get | mark |
| 33 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 32 so | fixed |
| 34 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 37 get | nsubj |
| 35 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 37 get | aux |
| 36 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 37 get | advmod |
| 37 | get | get | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 27 brought | advcl |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 disease | det |
| 39 | disease | disease | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 get | obj |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 common | punct |
| 41 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 44 common | nsubj |
| 42 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 44 common | cop |
| 43 | very | very | ADV | _ | 44 common | advmod |
| 44 | common | common | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 disease | acl:relcl |
| 45 | throughout | throughout | ADP | _ | 47 country | case |
| 46 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 47 country | det |
| 47 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 common | obl |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 made | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | past | the old man | 9 | sacrifices obj | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sacrifice=Product | |||
| 2 | bring | past | the old man not said here | presents | Okpa | to Okpa's ju ju of goats and fowls and all young men of the town; as sacrifices | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent he=Destination present=Theme | ||
| 3 | not get | should | men = man | the disease | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer disease=Stimulus | ||||
| 4 | is | present | the disease | throughout the country | common property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/18/48/