Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2, sentence 47
When he had finished his meal the hare felt that something was wrong with his tail, so he jumped away from the ant hill, and found to his disgust that he had left half his tail behind him where the ants had bitten it through.
Who acts: hare, finished meal, something · What happens: finish, feel, be, jump away, find, leave · To what, where: ant hill, tail, ants
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hare, finished meal, something), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 4 finished | advmod |
| 2 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 finished | nsubj |
| 3 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 finished | aux |
| 4 | finished | finish | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 meal | amod |
| 5 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 meal | nmod:poss |
| 6 | meal | meal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 felt | nsubj |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 hare | det |
| 8 | hare | hare | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 felt | nsubj |
| 9 | felt | feel | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 13 wrong | mark |
| 11 | something | something | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Ind | 13 wrong | nsubj |
| 12 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 wrong | cop |
| 13 | wrong | wrong | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 felt | xcomp |
| 14 | with | with | ADP | _ | 16 tail | case |
| 15 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 16 tail | nmod:poss |
| 16 | tail | tail | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 wrong | obl |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 jumped | punct |
| 18 | so | so | ADV | _ | 20 jumped | advmod |
| 19 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 jumped | nsubj |
| 20 | jumped | jump | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 felt | conj |
| 21 | away | away | ADV | _ | 20 jumped | advmod |
| 22 | from | from | ADP | _ | 25 hill | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 hill | det |
| 24 | ant | ant | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 hill | compound |
| 25 | hill | hill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 jumped | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 found | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 28 found | cc |
| 28 | found | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 felt | conj |
| 29 | to | to | ADP | _ | 31 disgust | case |
| 30 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 31 disgust | nmod:poss |
| 31 | disgust | disgust | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 found | obl |
| 32 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 35 left | mark |
| 33 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 35 left | nsubj |
| 34 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 left | aux |
| 35 | left | leave | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 28 found | advcl |
| 36 | half | half | DET | NumForm=Word NumType=Frac PronType=Ind | 38 tail | det:predet |
| 37 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 38 tail | nmod:poss |
| 38 | tail | tail | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 left | obj |
| 39 | behind | behind | ADP | _ | 40 him | case |
| 40 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 35 left | obl |
| 41 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 45 bitten | advmod |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 ants | det |
| 43 | ants | ant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 bitten | nsubj:pass |
| 44 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 45 bitten | aux |
| 45 | bitten | bite | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 35 left | advcl |
| 46 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 45 bitten | obj |
| 47 | through | through | ADV | _ | 45 bitten | advmod |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 felt | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | finish | past · perfect | hare | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | |||||
| 2 | feel | past | hare's finished meal | the hare nsubj | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus | ||||
| 3 | is | past | something | with hare's tail; wrong property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | jump away | past | hare | the ant hill | away property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from hill=Trajectory | |||
| 5 | find | past | hare's finished meal not said here | to hare's disgust | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 6 | leave | past · perfect | hare | hare's tail | behind meal | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent tail=Theme behind he=Location | |||
| 7 | bite | past · perfect · passive | the ants | tail obj; through property | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP ADJP»: subject=Patient it=Result | ||||
| 8 | disgust | hare | nom disgust «feeling transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/19/47/