Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2, sentence 77
On account of the hare’s wife lighting the lamp to look at her husband’s tail and thus spoiling his war ju-ju, it has been a custom ever since that when men are going to fight they will never trust their wives with their war ju-ju, and they will not sleep with them or eat any food which they have cooked with their hands until the fighting is over.
Who acts: wife, tail, that, men, fighting · What happens: light, look, spoil, be, go, fight · To what, where: lamp, war ju ju, custom, account, wives, food
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wife, tail, that, men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | On | on | ADP | _ | 2 account | case |
| 2 | account | account | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 custom | obl |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 7 wife | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 hare | det |
| 5 | hare | hare | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 wife | nmod:poss |
| 6 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 5 hare | case |
| 7 | wife | wife | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 account | nmod |
| 8 | lighting | light | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 7 wife | acl |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 lamp | det |
| 10 | lamp | lamp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 lighting | obj |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 12 look | mark |
| 12 | look | look | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 lighting | advcl |
| 13 | at | at | ADP | _ | 17 tail | case |
| 14 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 15 husband | nmod:poss |
| 15 | husband | husband | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 tail | nmod:poss |
| 16 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 15 husband | case |
| 17 | tail | tail | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 look | obl |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 spoiling | cc |
| 19 | thus | thus | ADV | _ | 20 spoiling | advmod |
| 20 | spoiling | spoil | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 12 look | conj |
| 21 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 ju | nmod:poss |
| 22 | war | war | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 ju | compound |
| 23 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 ju | compound |
| 24 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 23 ju | punct |
| 25 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 spoiling | obj |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 account | punct |
| 27 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 31 custom | nsubj |
| 28 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 custom | aux |
| 29 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 31 custom | cop |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 custom | det |
| 31 | custom | custom | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 32 | ever | ever | ADV | PronType=Ind | 38 going | advmod |
| 33 | since | since | SCONJ | _ | 38 going | mark |
| 34 | that | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 38 going | nsubj |
| 35 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 38 going | advmod |
| 36 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 going | nsubj |
| 37 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 38 going | aux |
| 38 | going | go | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 31 custom | parataxis |
| 39 | to | to | PART | _ | 40 fight | mark |
| 40 | fight | fight | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 38 going | xcomp |
| 41 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 44 trust | nsubj |
| 42 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 44 trust | aux |
| 43 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 44 trust | advmod |
| 44 | trust | trust | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 40 fight | ccomp |
| 45 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 46 wives | nmod:poss |
| 46 | wives | wife | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 trust | obj |
| 47 | with | with | ADP | _ | 52 ju | case |
| 48 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 52 ju | nmod:poss |
| 49 | war | war | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 ju | compound |
| 50 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 ju | compound |
| 51 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 50 ju | punct |
| 52 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 trust | obl |
| 53 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 58 sleep | punct |
| 54 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 58 sleep | cc |
| 55 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 58 sleep | nsubj |
| 56 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 58 sleep | aux |
| 57 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 58 sleep | advmod |
| 58 | sleep | sleep | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 38 going | parataxis |
| 59 | with | with | ADP | _ | 60 them | case |
| 60 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 58 sleep | obl |
| 61 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 62 eat | cc |
| 62 | eat | eat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 58 sleep | conj |
| 63 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 64 food | det |
| 64 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 62 eat | obj |
| 65 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 68 cooked | nsubj:pass |
| 66 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 68 cooked | nsubj:pass |
| 67 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 68 cooked | aux |
| 68 | cooked | cook | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 64 food | acl:relcl |
| 69 | with | with | ADP | _ | 71 hands | case |
| 70 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 71 hands | nmod:poss |
| 71 | hands | hand | NOUN | Number=Plur | 68 cooked | obl |
| 72 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 76 over | mark |
| 73 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 74 fighting | det |
| 74 | fighting | fighting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 76 over | nsubj |
| 75 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 76 over | cop |
| 76 | over | over | ADV | _ | 68 cooked | advcl |
| 77 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 31 custom | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | light | gerund | the hare's wife not said here | the lamp | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lamp=Product | ||||
| 2 | look | to-infinitive | the hare's wife not said here | at wife's husband's tail | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at tail=Theme | ||||
| 3 | spoil | gerund | the hare's wife not said here | hare's war ju ju | thus property | tree rules | |||
| 4 | is a | present · perfect | tail | a custom | account of the hare's wife | tree rules | |||
| 5 | go | present · progressive | that | ever | men nsubj | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||
| 6 | fight | to-infinitive | that not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 7 | not trust | future | men = man | men's wives | with men's war ju ju | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP.theme»: agent=Agent wife=Recipient with ju=Theme | |||
| 8 | not sleep | future | men = man | with children = child | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 9 | eat | infinitive | men = man not said here | any food | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient | ||||
| 10 | cook | present · perfect · passive | any food | with men's hands; men = man nsubj:pass | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Patient with hand=Instrument | ||||
| 11 | is | present | the fighting | over property | tree rules | ||||
| 12 | account | the hare's wife | nom account «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/19/77/