Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3, sentence 14
The next day the woman was made to pay for the three missing cakes of camwood, and the chief told the other women slaves that the punishment the woman had received should be a warning to them and make them work harder.
Who acts: woman, chief, punishment · What happens: make, pay, tell, receive, be, work · To what, where: woman, other women slaves, punishment, warning · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (woman, chief, punishment), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 day | det |
| 2 | next | next | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 day | amod |
| 3 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 made | obl:unmarked |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 woman | det |
| 5 | woman | woman | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 made | nsubj:pass |
| 6 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 made | aux:pass |
| 7 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 8 | to | to | PART | _ | 9 pay | mark |
| 9 | pay | pay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 made | xcomp |
| 10 | for | for | ADP | _ | 14 cakes | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 cakes | det |
| 12 | three | three | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 14 cakes | nummod |
| 13 | missing | missing | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 cakes | amod |
| 14 | cakes | cake | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 pay | obl |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 camwood | case |
| 16 | camwood | camwood | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 cakes | nmod |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 told | punct |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 told | cc |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 chief | det |
| 20 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 told | nsubj |
| 21 | told | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 made | conj |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 slaves | det |
| 23 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 slaves | amod |
| 24 | women | woman | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 slaves | compound |
| 25 | slaves | slave | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 told | obj |
| 26 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 36 warning | mark |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 punishment | det |
| 28 | punishment | punishment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 warning | nsubj |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 woman | det |
| 30 | woman | woman | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 received | nsubj |
| 31 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 received | aux |
| 32 | received | receive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 28 punishment | acl:relcl |
| 33 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 36 warning | aux |
| 34 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 36 warning | cop |
| 35 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 36 warning | det |
| 36 | warning | warning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 slaves | nmod |
| 37 | to | to | ADP | _ | 38 them | case |
| 38 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 36 warning | nmod |
| 39 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 make | cc |
| 40 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 21 told | conj |
| 41 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 40 make | obj |
| 42 | work | work | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 40 make | xcomp |
| 43 | harder | hard | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 42 work | advmod |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 made | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | past · passive | the woman | day | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | pay | to-infinitive | the woman not said here | for the three missing cakes of camwood | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for cake=Theme | ||||
| 3 | tell speech: assert | past | the chief | the other women slaves | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent slave=Recipient | ||||
| 4 | receive | past · perfect | the woman | the punishment not said here | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent punishment=Theme | ||||
| 5 | is a | should | the punishment | a warning | woman | tree rules | |||
| 6 | make | infinitive | the chief not said here | woman | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | work | infinitive | woman not said here | hard property | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/20/14/