Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4, sentence 44
When the bush buck got near the starting-place the frog came out of his hole, and directly the people saw that he had got back before the bush buck they declared the frog to be the winner, much to the disgust of many of the young men, who were watching the race, and who cursed the frog for his luck in winning such a fine wife.
Who acts: bush buck, frog, people, many young men · What happens: get, come out, see, get back, declare, be · To what, where: starting place, hole, frog, winner, race, fine wife · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bush buck, frog, people, many young men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 5 got | advmod |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 buck | det |
| 3 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 buck | compound |
| 4 | buck | buck | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 got | nsubj |
| 5 | got | get | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 came | advcl |
| 6 | near | near | ADP | _ | 10 place | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 place | det |
| 8 | starting | starting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 place | compound |
| 9 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 8 starting | punct |
| 10 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 got | obl |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 frog | det |
| 12 | frog | frog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 came | nsubj |
| 13 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 14 | out | out | ADP | _ | 17 hole | case |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 hole | case |
| 16 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 17 hole | nmod:poss |
| 17 | hole | hole | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 came | obl |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 saw | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 saw | cc |
| 20 | directly | directly | ADV | _ | 23 saw | advmod |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 people | det |
| 22 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 saw | nsubj |
| 23 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 came | conj |
| 24 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 27 got | mark |
| 25 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 got | nsubj |
| 26 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 27 got | aux |
| 27 | got | get | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 23 saw | ccomp |
| 28 | back | back | ADV | _ | 27 got | advmod |
| 29 | before | before | ADP | _ | 32 buck | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 buck | det |
| 31 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 buck | compound |
| 32 | buck | buck | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 got | obl |
| 33 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 34 declared | nsubj |
| 34 | declared | declare | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 buck | acl:relcl |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 frog | det |
| 36 | frog | frog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 declared | obj |
| 37 | to | to | PART | _ | 40 winner | mark |
| 38 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 40 winner | cop |
| 39 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 winner | det |
| 40 | winner | winner | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 frog | conj |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 42 much | punct |
| 42 | much | much | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 winner | appos |
| 43 | to | to | ADP | _ | 45 disgust | case |
| 44 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 45 disgust | det |
| 45 | disgust | disgust | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 much | nmod |
| 46 | of | of | ADP | _ | 51 men | case |
| 47 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 51 men | amod |
| 48 | of | of | ADP | _ | 51 men | case |
| 49 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 51 men | det |
| 50 | young | young | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 51 men | amod |
| 51 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 disgust | nmod |
| 52 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 55 watching | punct |
| 53 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 55 watching | nsubj |
| 54 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 55 watching | aux |
| 55 | watching | watch | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 51 men | acl |
| 56 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 57 race | det |
| 57 | race | race | NOUN | Number=Sing | 55 watching | obj |
| 58 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 61 cursed | punct |
| 59 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 61 cursed | cc |
| 60 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 61 cursed | nsubj |
| 61 | cursed | curse | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 came | conj |
| 62 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 63 frog | det |
| 63 | frog | frog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 61 cursed | obj |
| 64 | for | for | ADP | _ | 66 luck | case |
| 65 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 66 luck | nmod:poss |
| 66 | luck | luck | NOUN | Number=Sing | 61 cursed | obl |
| 67 | in | in | SCONJ | _ | 68 winning | mark |
| 68 | winning | win | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 61 cursed | advcl |
| 69 | such | such | DET | PronType=Ind | 72 wife | det:predet |
| 70 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 72 wife | det |
| 71 | fine | fine | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 72 wife | amod |
| 72 | wife | wife | NOUN | Number=Sing | 68 winning | obj |
| 73 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 came | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | get | past | the bush buck | the starting place | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 2 | come out | past | the frog | FROG's hole | vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient hole=Result | ||||
| 3 | see | past | the people | directly property | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | ||||
| 4 | get back | past · perfect | FROG | before the bush buck | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 5 | declare speech: other | past | people | the frog and the winner | vn declare-29.4-1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent frog=Attribute | ||||
| 6 | is a | to-infinitive | people not said here | the winner | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | watch | past · progressive | the many young men | the race | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent race=Theme | ||||
| 8 | curse | past | the frog | for FROG's luck; who nsubj | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent frog=Theme for luck=Attribute | ||||
| 9 | win | gerund | such fine wife | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wife=Eventuality | |||||
| 10 | disgust | the many young men | nom disgust «feeling transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/21/44/