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Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4, sentence 44

When the bush buck got near the starting-place the frog came out of his hole, and directly the people saw that he had got back before the bush buck they declared the frog to be the winner, much to the disgust of many of the young men, who were watching the race, and who cursed the frog for his luck in winning such a fine wife.

Who acts: bush buck, frog, people, many young men · What happens: get, come out, see, get back, declare, be · To what, where: starting place, hole, frog, winner, race, fine wife · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bush buck, frog, people, many young men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

advmoddetcompoundnsubjadvclcasedetcompoundpunctobldetnsubjcasecasenmod:possoblpunctccadvmoddetnsubjconjmarknsubjauxccompadvmodcasedetcompoundoblnsubjacl:relcldetobjmarkcopdetconjpunctapposcasedetnmodcaseamodcasedetamodnmodpunctnsubjauxacldetobjpunctccnsubjconjdetobjcasenmod:possoblmarkadvcldet:predetdetamodobjpunctrootWhenADVtheDETbushNOUNbuckNOUNgotVERBnearADPtheDETstartingNOUN-PUNCTplaceNOUNtheDETfrogNOUNcameVERBoutADPofADPhisPRONholeNOUN,PUNCTandCCONJdirectlyADVtheDETpeopleNOUNsawVERBthatSCONJhePRONhadAUXgotVERBbackADVbeforeADPtheDETbushNOUNbuckNOUNtheyPRONdeclaredVERBtheDETfrogNOUNtoPARTbeAUXtheDETwinnerNOUN,PUNCTmuchADJtoADPtheDETdisgustNOUNofADPmanyADJofADPtheDETyoungADJmenNOUN,PUNCTwhoPRONwereAUXwatchingVERBtheDETraceNOUN,PUNCTandCCONJwhoPRONcursedVERBtheDETfrogNOUNforADPhisPRONluckNOUNinSCONJwinningVERBsuchDETaDETfineADJwifeNOUN.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1WhenwhenADVPronType=Int5 gotadvmod
2thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art4 buckdet
3bushbushNOUNNumber=Sing4 buckcompound
4buckbuckNOUNNumber=Sing5 gotnsubj
5gotgetVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin13 cameadvcl
6nearnearADP_10 placecase
7thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art10 placedet
8startingstartingNOUNNumber=Sing10 placecompound
9--PUNCT_8 startingpunct
10placeplaceNOUNNumber=Sing5 gotobl
11thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art12 frogdet
12frogfrogNOUNNumber=Sing13 camensubj
13camecomeVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Finrootroot
14outoutADP_17 holecase
15ofofADP_17 holecase
16hishisPRONCase=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs17 holenmod:poss
17holeholeNOUNNumber=Sing13 cameobl
18,,PUNCT_23 sawpunct
19andandCCONJ_23 sawcc
20directlydirectlyADV_23 sawadvmod
21thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art22 peopledet
22peoplepeopleNOUNNumber=Plur23 sawnsubj
23sawseeVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin13 cameconj
24thatthatSCONJ_27 gotmark
25hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs27 gotnsubj
26hadhaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin27 gotaux
27gotgetVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part23 sawccomp
28backbackADV_27 gotadvmod
29beforebeforeADP_32 buckcase
30thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art32 buckdet
31bushbushNOUNNumber=Sing32 buckcompound
32buckbuckNOUNNumber=Sing27 gotobl
33theytheyPRONCase=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs34 declarednsubj
34declareddeclareVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin32 buckacl:relcl
35thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art36 frogdet
36frogfrogNOUNNumber=Sing34 declaredobj
37totoPART_40 winnermark
38bebeAUXVerbForm=Inf40 winnercop
39thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art40 winnerdet
40winnerwinnerNOUNNumber=Sing36 frogconj
41,,PUNCT_42 muchpunct
42muchmuchADJDegree=Pos40 winnerappos
43totoADP_45 disgustcase
44thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art45 disgustdet
45disgustdisgustNOUNNumber=Sing42 muchnmod
46ofofADP_51 mencase
47manymanyADJDegree=Pos51 menamod
48ofofADP_51 mencase
49thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art51 mendet
50youngyoungADJDegree=Pos51 menamod
51menmanNOUNNumber=Plur45 disgustnmod
52,,PUNCT_55 watchingpunct
53whowhoPRONPronType=Rel55 watchingnsubj
54werebeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin55 watchingaux
55watchingwatchVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part51 menacl
56thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art57 racedet
57raceraceNOUNNumber=Sing55 watchingobj
58,,PUNCT_61 cursedpunct
59andandCCONJ_61 cursedcc
60whowhoPRONPronType=Rel61 cursednsubj
61cursedcurseVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin13 cameconj
62thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art63 frogdet
63frogfrogNOUNNumber=Sing61 cursedobj
64forforADP_66 luckcase
65hishisPRONCase=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs66 lucknmod:poss
66luckluckNOUNNumber=Sing61 cursedobl
67ininSCONJ_68 winningmark
68winningwinVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part61 cursedadvcl
69suchsuchDETPronType=Ind72 wifedet:predet
70aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art72 wifedet
71finefineADJDegree=Pos72 wifeamod
72wifewifeNOUNNumber=Sing68 winningobj
73..PUNCT_13 camepunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1getpastthe bush buckthe starting placevn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer
2come outpastthe frogFROG's holevn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient hole=Result
3seepastthe peopledirectly propertyvn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus
4get backpast · perfectFROGbefore the bush buckvn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer
5declare speech: otherpastpeoplethe frog and the winnervn declare-29.4-1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent frog=Attribute
6is ato-infinitivepeople not said herethe winnertree rules
7watchpast · progressivethe many young menthe racevn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent race=Theme
8cursepastthe frogfor FROG's luck; who nsubjvn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent frog=Theme for luck=Attribute
9wingerundsuch fine wifevn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wife=Eventuality
10disgustthe many young mennom disgust «feeling transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/21/44/