Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxx.--the Game of Hide-and-seek As Played By the Hawk and the Bush Cow., sentence 42
In the early morning before the sun rises you can always hear the bush fowls calling to the cocks and hens to come back and live with them, and shortly afterwards you can hear the cocks answering them, saying that they prefer to live in safety with the men.
Who acts: you, bush, cocks · What happens: rise, hear, fowl, call, come back, live · To what, where: cocks, safety · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxx.--the Game of Hide-and-seek As Played By the Hawk and the Bush Cow.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, bush, cocks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 4 morning | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 morning | det |
| 3 | early | early | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 morning | amod |
| 4 | morning | morning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 rises | obl |
| 5 | before | before | ADP | _ | 7 sun | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 sun | det |
| 7 | sun | sun | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 rises | obl |
| 8 | rises | rise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 9 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 12 hear | nsubj |
| 10 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 12 hear | aux |
| 11 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 12 hear | advmod |
| 12 | hear | hear | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 rises | ccomp |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 bush | det |
| 14 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 fowls | nsubj |
| 15 | fowls | fowl | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 hear | parataxis |
| 16 | calling | call | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 15 fowls | xcomp |
| 17 | to | to | ADP | _ | 19 cocks | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 cocks | det |
| 19 | cocks | cock | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 calling | obl |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 hens | cc |
| 21 | hens | hen | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 cocks | conj |
| 22 | to | to | PART | _ | 23 come | mark |
| 23 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 16 calling | advcl |
| 24 | back | back | ADV | _ | 23 come | advmod |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 live | cc |
| 26 | live | live | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 23 come | conj |
| 27 | with | with | ADP | _ | 28 them | case |
| 28 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 live | obl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 hear | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 hear | cc |
| 31 | shortly | shortly | ADV | _ | 32 afterwards | advmod |
| 32 | afterwards | afterwards | ADV | _ | 35 hear | advmod |
| 33 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 35 hear | nsubj |
| 34 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 35 hear | aux |
| 35 | hear | hear | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 rises | conj |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 cocks | det |
| 37 | cocks | cock | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 hear | obj |
| 38 | answering | answer | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 37 cocks | acl |
| 39 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 38 answering | obj |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 saying | punct |
| 41 | saying | say | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 35 hear | advcl |
| 42 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 44 prefer | mark |
| 43 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 44 prefer | nsubj |
| 44 | prefer | prefer | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 41 saying | ccomp |
| 45 | to | to | PART | _ | 46 live | mark |
| 46 | live | live | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 44 prefer | xcomp |
| 47 | in | in | ADP | _ | 48 safety | case |
| 48 | safety | safety | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 live | obl |
| 49 | with | with | ADP | _ | 51 men | case |
| 50 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 51 men | det |
| 51 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 live | obl |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 rises | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | rise | present | before the sun; morning | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | hear | can | you | always property | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 3 | fowl | present | the bush | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | call | gerund | the bush not said here | the cocks and hens | vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to cock=Recipient | ||||
| 5 | come back | to-infinitive | the bush not said here | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 6 | live | infinitive | the bush not said here | with cocks = cock | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme with they=Location | ||||
| 7 | hear | can | you | the cocks | afterwards property | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer cock=Stimulus | |||
| 8 | answer speech: assert | gerund | the cocks not said here | cocks = cock | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent they=Eventuality | ||||
| 9 | say speech: assert | gerund | you not said here | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 10 | prefer | present | cocks = cock | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme | |||||
| 11 | live not said to happen | to-infinitive | cocks = cock not said here | safety | with the men | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in safety=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/23/42/