Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound., sentence 25
[6] The native hunters say that if you shout at an iguana he does not move or take any notice, but if you point at him and whisper, “Look, there is an iguana,” he will run away at once.
Who acts: 6 native hunters, you, water, iguana · What happens: say, shout, not move, take, point, whisper · To what, where: iguana, notice · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (6 native hunters, you, water, iguana), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | [ | [ | PUNCT | _ | 7 say | punct |
| 2 | 6 | 6 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 6 hunters | nummod |
| 3 | ] | ] | PUNCT | _ | 2 6 | punct |
| 4 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 hunters | det |
| 5 | native | native | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 hunters | amod |
| 6 | hunters | hunter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 say | nsubj |
| 7 | say | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 18 move | mark |
| 9 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 11 shout | mark |
| 10 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 11 shout | nsubj |
| 11 | shout | shout | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 move | advcl |
| 12 | at | at | ADP | _ | 14 iguana | case |
| 13 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 iguana | det |
| 14 | iguana | iguana | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 shout | obl |
| 15 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 move | nsubj |
| 16 | does | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 move | aux |
| 17 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 18 move | advmod |
| 18 | move | move | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 say | ccomp |
| 19 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 20 take | cc |
| 20 | take | take | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 move | conj |
| 21 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 22 notice | det |
| 22 | notice | notice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 take | obj |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 Look | punct |
| 24 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 34 Look | cc |
| 25 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 27 point | mark |
| 26 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 27 point | nsubj |
| 27 | point | point | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 Look | advcl |
| 28 | at | at | ADP | _ | 29 him | case |
| 29 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 point | obl |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 whisper | cc |
| 31 | whisper | whisper | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 point | conj |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 point | punct |
| 33 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 34 Look | punct |
| 34 | Look | look | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 7 say | conj |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 is | punct |
| 36 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 37 is | expl |
| 37 | is | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 Look | conj |
| 38 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 39 iguana | det |
| 39 | iguana | iguana | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 is | nsubj |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 is | punct |
| 41 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 37 is | punct |
| 42 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 44 run | nsubj |
| 43 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 44 run | aux |
| 44 | run | run | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 34 Look | conj |
| 45 | away | away | ADV | _ | 44 run | advmod |
| 46 | at | at | ADP | _ | 47 once | case |
| 47 | once | once | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 44 run | obl |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 say | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | present | the 6 native hunters | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | shout speech: express a condition, not said to happen | present | you | a iguana | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | not move | present · do-support | water | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | take | infinitive | water not said here | any notice | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent notice=Theme | ||||
| 5 | point a condition, not said to happen | present | you | at water | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 6 | whisper speech: assert | present | you not said here | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 7 | look in a quote | infinitive | the 6 native hunters not said here | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | |||||
| 8 | be in a quote | present | a iguana | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 9 | run away | future | iguana | away property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at once=Trajectory |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/29/25/