Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell., sentence 57
When the morning came, the tortoise called his wife to help him, and together they put the meat and rubber into a basket with the hare on top, and carried them all to the king’s house.
Who acts: morning, tortoise, feet · What happens: come, call, help, put, carry · To what, where: wife, hare, meat, basket, feet, house · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (morning, tortoise, feet), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | SCONJ | _ | 4 came | mark |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 morning | det |
| 3 | morning | morning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 came | nsubj |
| 4 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 called | advcl |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 came | punct |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 tortoise | det |
| 7 | tortoise | tortoise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 called | nsubj |
| 8 | called | call | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 9 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 wife | nmod:poss |
| 10 | wife | wife | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 called | obj |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 12 help | mark |
| 12 | help | help | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 called | advcl |
| 13 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 12 help | obj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 put | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 put | cc |
| 16 | together | together | ADV | _ | 18 put | advmod |
| 17 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 put | nsubj |
| 18 | put | put | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 called | conj |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 meat | det |
| 20 | meat | meat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 put | obj |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 rubber | cc |
| 22 | rubber | rubber | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 meat | conj |
| 23 | into | into | ADP | _ | 25 basket | case |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 basket | det |
| 25 | basket | basket | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 put | obl |
| 26 | with | with | ADP | _ | 28 hare | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 hare | det |
| 28 | hare | hare | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 basket | nmod |
| 29 | on | on | ADP | _ | 30 top | case |
| 30 | top | top | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 hare | nmod |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 carried | punct |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 carried | cc |
| 33 | carried | carry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 called | conj |
| 34 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 carried | obj |
| 35 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 34 them | nmod:unmarked |
| 36 | to | to | ADP | _ | 40 house | case |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 king | det |
| 38 | king | king | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 house | nmod:poss |
| 39 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 38 king | case |
| 40 | house | house | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 carried | obl |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 called | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | the morning | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | call | past | the tortoise | hare's wife | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent wife=Recipient | ||||
| 3 | help | to-infinitive | the tortoise not said here | hare | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Beneficiary | ||||
| 4 | put | past | feet = foot | the meat and rubber | a basket with the hare on top | together property | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent meat=Goal | ||
| 5 | carry | past | the tortoise not said here | feet = foot | the king's house | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent they=Theme to house=Destination |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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