Kaffir folk-lore, Opening, sentence 43
The book is now issued, in the hope that it may be found useful, as throwing light upon the mode of life of a people who differ from ourselves in many respects besides degree of civilization.
Who acts: hope, people · What happens: issue, find, throw, differ · To what, where: book, hope, light, mode, many respects
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hope, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 book | det |
| 2 | book | book | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 issued | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 issued | aux:pass |
| 4 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 5 issued | advmod |
| 5 | issued | issue | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 hope | punct |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 9 hope | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 hope | det |
| 9 | hope | hope | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 issued | obl |
| 10 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 14 found | mark |
| 11 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 found | nsubj:pass |
| 12 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 14 found | aux |
| 13 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 14 found | aux:pass |
| 14 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 hope | acl:relcl |
| 15 | useful | useful | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 found | xcomp |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 throwing | punct |
| 17 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 18 throwing | mark |
| 18 | throwing | throw | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 issued | advcl |
| 19 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 throwing | obj |
| 20 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 22 mode | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 mode | det |
| 22 | mode | mode | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 throwing | obl |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 24 life | case |
| 24 | life | life | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 mode | nmod |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 27 people | case |
| 26 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 27 people | det |
| 27 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 life | nmod |
| 28 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 29 differ | nsubj |
| 29 | differ | differ | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 people | acl:relcl |
| 30 | from | from | ADP | _ | 31 ourselves | case |
| 31 | ourselves | ourselves | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 29 differ | obl |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 34 respects | case |
| 33 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 respects | amod |
| 34 | respects | respects | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 differ | obl |
| 35 | besides | besides | ADP | _ | 36 degree | case |
| 36 | degree | degree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 differ | obl |
| 37 | of | of | ADP | _ | 38 civilization | case |
| 38 | civilization | civilization | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 degree | nmod |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 issued | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | issue | present · passive | the book | the hope | now | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme | |||
| 2 | find | may · passive | the hope not said here | book | useful property | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic | |||
| 3 | throw | gerund | light | the mode of life of a people | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent light=Theme upon mode=Destination | ||||
| 4 | differ | present | a people | many respects | from ourselves; besides degree of civilization | vn differ-23.4 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme from ourselves=Co-Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/1/43/