Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 104
He said to them: “Why are you eating meat while the enemy is going away with the cattle?
Who acts: Hlakanyana, men, enemy · What happens: say, eat, go away · To what, where: men, meat · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, men, enemy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 said | nsubj |
| 2 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | to | to | ADP | _ | 4 them | case |
| 4 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 said | obl |
| 5 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 10 eating | punct |
| 6 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 eating | punct |
| 7 | Why | why | ADV | PronType=Int | 10 eating | advmod |
| 8 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 eating | aux |
| 9 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 10 eating | nsubj |
| 10 | eating | eat | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 2 said | advcl |
| 11 | meat | meat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 eating | obj |
| 12 | while | while | SCONJ | _ | 16 going | mark |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 enemy | det |
| 14 | enemy | enemy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 going | nsubj |
| 15 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 going | aux |
| 16 | going | go | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 10 eating | advcl |
| 17 | away | away | ADV | _ | 16 going | advmod |
| 18 | with | with | ADP | _ | 20 cattle | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 cattle | det |
| 20 | cattle | cattle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 going | obl |
| 21 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 2 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: ask | past | Hlakanyana | men = man | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to they=Recipient | ||||
| 2 | eat in a quote | present · progressive | men = man | meat | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meat=Patient | ||||
| 3 | go away in a quote | present · progressive | the enemy | with the cattle; away property | vn help-72.1-2 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent with cattle=Beneficiary |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/104/