Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 141
See, you must make haste to follow him, for the river is rising.”
Who acts: you, haste, river · What happens: see, make, follow, rise · To what, where: haste, Hlakanyana
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, haste, river), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | See | see | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 make | punct |
| 3 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 5 make | nsubj |
| 4 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 5 make | aux |
| 5 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 1 See | conj |
| 6 | haste | haste | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 make | obj |
| 7 | to | to | PART | _ | 8 follow | mark |
| 8 | follow | follow | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 5 make | xcomp |
| 9 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 8 follow | obj |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 rising | punct |
| 11 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 15 rising | mark |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 river | det |
| 13 | river | river | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 rising | nsubj |
| 14 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 rising | aux |
| 15 | rising | rise | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 8 follow | advcl |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 1 See | punct |
| 17 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 1 See | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | see | imperative | you not said here | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 2 | make | must | you | haste | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | follow | to-infinitive | haste not said here | Hlakanyana | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme | ||||
| 4 | rise | present · progressive | the river | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/141/