Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 172
Hlakanyana said: “You are speaking evil of me, my son.”
Who acts: Hlakanyana, You · What happens: say, speak · To what, where: evil · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, You), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hlakanyana | Hlakanyana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 said | nsubj |
| 2 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 7 speaking | punct |
| 4 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 7 speaking | punct |
| 5 | You | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 7 speaking | nsubj |
| 6 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 speaking | aux |
| 7 | speaking | speak | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 2 said | ccomp |
| 8 | evil | evil | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 speaking | obj |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 me | case |
| 10 | me | I | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 8 evil | nmod |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 son | punct |
| 12 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 son | nmod:poss |
| 13 | son | son | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 speaking | conj |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 speaking | punct |
| 15 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 7 speaking | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | Hlakanyana | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | speak speech: other in a quote | present · progressive | You | evil of me | my son conj | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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