Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 177
The two young men took their assagais and ran after him with their dogs.
Who acts: two young men · What happens: take, run · To what, where: assagais
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (two young men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 men | det |
| 2 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 4 men | nummod |
| 3 | young | young | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 men | amod |
| 4 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 took | nsubj |
| 5 | took | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 7 assagais | nmod:poss |
| 7 | assagais | assagai | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 took | obj |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 ran | cc |
| 9 | ran | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 took | conj |
| 10 | after | after | ADP | _ | 11 him | case |
| 11 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 ran | obl |
| 12 | with | with | ADP | _ | 14 dogs | case |
| 13 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 14 dogs | nmod:poss |
| 14 | dogs | dog | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 ran | obl |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 took | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | take | past | the two young men | men's assagais | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent assagai=Theme | ||||
| 2 | run | past | the two young men not said here | after Hlakanyana | with men's dogs | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent with dog=Material |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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