Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 214
He said: “You have broken my digging-stick, the digging-stick that I received from my companion, my companion who ate my birds and left me with the heads.”
Who acts: Hlakanyana, You, companion · What happens: say, break, receive, eat, leave · To what, where: digging stick, companion, birds, Hlakanyana · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, You, companion), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 said | nsubj |
| 2 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 7 broken | punct |
| 4 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 7 broken | punct |
| 5 | You | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 7 broken | nsubj |
| 6 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 broken | aux |
| 7 | broken | break | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 2 said | ccomp |
| 8 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 stick | nmod:poss |
| 9 | digging | digging | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 stick | compound |
| 10 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 9 digging | punct |
| 11 | stick | stick | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 broken | obj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 stick | punct |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 stick | det |
| 14 | digging | digging | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 stick | compound |
| 15 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 14 digging | punct |
| 16 | stick | stick | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 stick | conj |
| 17 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 19 received | obj |
| 18 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 19 received | nsubj |
| 19 | received | receive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 stick | acl:relcl |
| 20 | from | from | ADP | _ | 22 companion | case |
| 21 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 22 companion | nmod:poss |
| 22 | companion | companion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 received | obl |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 companion | punct |
| 24 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 companion | nmod:poss |
| 25 | companion | companion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 stick | conj |
| 26 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 27 ate | nsubj |
| 27 | ate | eat | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 25 companion | acl:relcl |
| 28 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 29 birds | nmod:poss |
| 29 | birds | bird | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 ate | obj |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 left | cc |
| 31 | left | leave | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 broken | conj |
| 32 | me | I | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 31 left | iobj |
| 33 | with | with | ADP | _ | 35 heads | case |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 heads | det |
| 35 | heads | head | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 left | obl |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 said | punct |
| 37 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | Hlakanyana | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | break in a quote | present · perfect | You | my digging stick and the digging stick and my companion | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer stick=Patient | ||||
| 3 | receive in a quote | past | Hlakanyana | the digging stick | my companion | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from companion=Source | |||
| 4 | eat in a quote | past | my companion | my birds | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bird=Patient | ||||
| 5 | leave in a quote | past | You not said here | Hlakanyana | with the heads | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP.theme»: agent=Agent i=Recipient with head=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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