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Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 237

Hlakanyana said: “You have killed my calf, the calf that I received from the keepers of calves, the keepers of calves that killed my goat, the goat that I received from the boys that were tending goats, the boys that broke my pot, the pot that I received from the people who make pots, the people who broke my digging-stick, the digging-stick that I received from my companion, my companion who ate my birds and left me with the heads.”

Who acts: Hlakanyana, calves, that, boys, people, companion · What happens: say, kill, receive, tend, be, break · To what, where: You, calf, keepers, goat, tending goats, pot · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, calves, that, boys), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

nsubjpunctpunctnsubj:passauxccompnmod:possobjpunctdetapposobjnsubjacl:relclcasedetoblcasenmodpunctdetconjcasenmodnsubjacl:relclnmod:possobjpunctdetapposobjnsubjacl:relclcasedetoblnsubjcopamodnmodpunctdetconjnsubjacl:relclnmod:possobjpunctdetconjobjnsubjacl:relclcasedetoblnsubjacl:relclobjpunctdetconjnsubjacl:relclnmod:posscompoundpunctobjpunctdetcompoundpunctconjobjnsubjacl:relclcasenmod:possoblpunctnmod:possconjnsubjacl:relclnmod:possobjccconjiobjcasedetoblpunctpunctrootHlakanyanaPROPNsaidVERB:PUNCT“PUNCTYouPRONhaveAUXkilledVERBmyPRONcalfNOUN,PUNCTtheDETcalfNOUNthatPRONIPRONreceivedVERBfromADPtheDETkeepersNOUNofADPcalvesNOUN,PUNCTtheDETkeepersNOUNofADPcalvesNOUNthatPRONkilledVERBmyPRONgoatNOUN,PUNCTtheDETgoatNOUNthatPRONIPRONreceivedVERBfromADPtheDETboysNOUNthatPRONwereAUXtendingVERBgoatsNOUN,PUNCTtheDETboysNOUNthatPRONbrokeVERBmyPRONpotNOUN,PUNCTtheDETpotNOUNthatPRONIPRONreceivedVERBfromADPtheDETpeopleNOUNwhoPRONmakeVERBpotsNOUN,PUNCTtheDETpeopleNOUNwhoPRONbrokeVERBmyPRONdiggingNOUN-PUNCTstickNOUN,PUNCTtheDETdiggingNOUN-PUNCTstickNOUNthatPRONIPRONreceivedVERBfromADPmyPRONcompanionNOUN,PUNCTmyPRONcompanionNOUNwhoPRONateVERBmyPRONbirdsNOUNandCCONJleftVERBmePRONwithADPtheDETheadsNOUN.PUNCT”PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1HlakanyanaHlakanyanaPROPNNumber=Sing2 saidnsubj
2saidsayVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Finrootroot
3::PUNCT_7 killedpunct
4“"PUNCT_7 killedpunct
5YouyouPRONCase=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs7 killednsubj:pass
6havehaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin7 killedaux
7killedkillVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass2 saidccomp
8mymyPRONCase=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs9 calfnmod:poss
9calfcalfNOUNNumber=Sing7 killedobj
10,,PUNCT_12 calfpunct
11thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art12 calfdet
12calfcalfNOUNNumber=Sing9 calfappos
13thatthatPRONPronType=Rel15 receivedobj
14IIPRONCase=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs15 receivednsubj
15receivedreceiveVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin12 calfacl:relcl
16fromfromADP_18 keeperscase
17thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art18 keepersdet
18keeperskeeperNOUNNumber=Plur15 receivedobl
19ofofADP_20 calvescase
20calvescalfNOUNNumber=Plur18 keepersnmod
21,,PUNCT_23 keeperspunct
22thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art23 keepersdet
23keeperskeeperNOUNNumber=Plur20 calvesconj
24ofofADP_25 calvescase
25calvescalfNOUNNumber=Plur23 keepersnmod
26thatthatPRONPronType=Rel27 killednsubj
27killedkillVERBMood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin25 calvesacl:relcl
28mymyPRONCase=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs29 goatnmod:poss
29goatgoatNOUNNumber=Sing27 killedobj
30,,PUNCT_32 goatpunct
31thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art32 goatdet
32goatgoatNOUNNumber=Sing9 calfappos
33thatthatPRONPronType=Rel35 receivedobj
34IIPRONCase=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs35 receivednsubj
35receivedreceiveVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin32 goatacl:relcl
36fromfromADP_38 boyscase
37thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art38 boysdet
38boysboyNOUNNumber=Plur35 receivedobl
39thatthatPRONPronType=Rel42 goatsnsubj
40werebeAUXMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin42 goatscop
41tendingtendVERBVerbForm=Ger42 goatsamod
42goatsgoatNOUNNumber=Plur38 boysnmod
43,,PUNCT_45 boyspunct
44thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art45 boysdet
45boysboyNOUNNumber=Plur42 goatsconj
46thatthatPRONPronType=Rel47 brokensubj
47brokebreakVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin45 boysacl:relcl
48mymyPRONCase=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs49 potnmod:poss
49potpotNOUNNumber=Sing47 brokeobj
50,,PUNCT_52 potpunct
51thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art52 potdet
52potpotNOUNNumber=Sing49 potconj
53thatthatPRONPronType=Rel55 receivedobj
54IIPRONCase=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs55 receivednsubj
55receivedreceiveVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin52 potacl:relcl
56fromfromADP_58 peoplecase
57thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art58 peopledet
58peoplepeopleNOUNNumber=Plur55 receivedobl
59whowhoPRONPronType=Rel60 makensubj
60makemakeVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin58 peopleacl:relcl
61potspotNOUNNumber=Plur60 makeobj
62,,PUNCT_64 peoplepunct
63thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art64 peopledet
64peoplepeopleNOUNNumber=Plur42 goatsconj
65whowhoPRONPronType=Rel66 brokensubj
66brokebreakVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin64 peopleacl:relcl
67mymyPRONCase=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs70 sticknmod:poss
68diggingdiggingNOUNNumber=Sing70 stickcompound
69--PUNCT_68 diggingpunct
70stickstickNOUNNumber=Sing66 brokeobj
71,,PUNCT_75 stickpunct
72thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art75 stickdet
73diggingdiggingNOUNNumber=Sing75 stickcompound
74--PUNCT_73 diggingpunct
75stickstickNOUNNumber=Sing70 stickconj
76thatthatPRONPronType=Rel78 receivedobj
77IIPRONCase=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs78 receivednsubj
78receivedreceiveVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin75 stickacl:relcl
79fromfromADP_81 companioncase
80mymyPRONCase=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs81 companionnmod:poss
81companioncompanionNOUNNumber=Sing78 receivedobl
82,,PUNCT_84 companionpunct
83mymyPRONCase=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs84 companionnmod:poss
84companioncompanionNOUNNumber=Sing9 calfconj
85whowhoPRONPronType=Rel86 atensubj
86ateeatVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin84 companionacl:relcl
87mymyPRONCase=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs88 birdsnmod:poss
88birdsbirdNOUNNumber=Plur86 ateobj
89andandCCONJ_90 leftcc
90leftleaveVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin7 killedconj
91meIPRONCase=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs90 leftiobj
92withwithADP_94 headscase
93thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art94 headsdet
94headsheadNOUNNumber=Plur90 leftobl
95..PUNCT_2 saidpunct
96”"PUNCT_2 saidpunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1say speech: assertpastHlakanyanavn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2kill in a quotepresent · perfect · passiveYoumy calf and my companion objvn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Experiencer calf=Result
3receive in a quotepastHlakanyanathe calfthe keepers of calves and the keepers of calvesvn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from keeper=Source
4kill in a quotepastcalvesmy goatvn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goat=Theme
5receive in a quotepastHlakanyanathe goatfrom the boysvn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from boy=Source
6tend in a quotegerundvn caring-75.2-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
7is a in a quotepastthattending goats and the boys and the peoplethe boys conj; the people conjtree rules
8break in a quotepastthe boysmy pot and the potvn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer pot=Patient
9receive in a quotepastHlakanyanathe potfrom the peoplevn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from people=Source
10make in a quotepresentthe peoplepotsvn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pot=Product
11break in a quotepastthe peoplemy digging stick and the digging stickvn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer stick=Patient
12receive in a quotepastHlakanyanathe digging stickmy companionvn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from companion=Source
13eat in a quotepastmy companionmy birdsvn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bird=Patient
14leave in a quotepastHlakanyanawith the headsvn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP.theme»: agent=Agent i=Recipient with head=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

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